There’s always a reason to stop and appreciate the smaller stuff in life. Since 2018, Tracy and Dan Calder have drawn attention to documenting daily minutiae with the Close-up Photographer of the Year competition, highlighting the past 12 months’ best images capturing nature, animal, underwater, and human subjects.

The 5th annual edition is no exception, with amazing glimpses of everything from slumbering frogs, to magnetic waves, to microscopic life, to rarely seen deep sea creatures. Across a wide range of categories, photographers around the world managed to snap some extremely striking images, making even some of the creepiest of crawlies look pretty cute for a change. Check out a few of our favorite finalists and winners of 2023 below, and remember to keep an eye out for the little things this year. They’re always there and worth seeing, even if you don’t have a camera in hand.

See more at Cupoty.com.

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The Federal Aviation Administration announced immediate “new and significant actions” to its increased oversight of Boeing’s aircraft manufacturing and production processes on Friday—one week after an Alaskan Airlines Boeing 737 Max 9 plane made international headlines when one of its emergency door plugs blew off mid-flight, jettisoning travelers’ personal items, and forcing an abrupt return to its departing airport. National Transportation Safety Board officials recovered the door plug from the backyard of a Portland, OR, schoolteacher on Sunday.

Approximately six minutes after departing Portland International Airport on January 5, Alaskan Airlines Flight 1282 suddenly lost one of its emergency door plugs while at an altitude of 16,000-feet. Door plugs are installed in place of certain emergency exits if a jet is only outfitted for a lower number of passengers.  

Footage supplied by travelers aboard the plane to The New York Times shows a gaping hole on the 737 Max 9’s left side as yellow emergency oxygen masks dangle in front of frightened travelers. None of the flight’s 171 passengers and six crew members were reported seriously injured following its emergency return landing at PIA. An initial assessment provided by NTSB officials indicates none of the door plug’s four bolts had been installed. The 737-9 involved in last week’s emergency had previously been in service since November 2023.

After grounding 171 Boeing 737 Max 9 planes pending further inspections last week, the FAA has now announced that it will begin an audit of the Boeing 737 Max 9 production process, as well as the company’s suppliers. Results of the initial audit will determine if further investigations are required. Meanwhile, the FAA intends to increase its monitoring of Boeing 737 Max 9 in-service events, as well as assess safety risks, quality control, and delegated authority decisions with the potential to transfer these responsibilities to outside, independent entities.

“It is time to re-examine the delegation of authority and assess any associated safety risks,” said FAA Administrator Mike Whitaker in Friday’s announcement. “The grounding of the 737-9 and the multiple production-related issues identified in recent years require us to look at every option to reduce risk.”

The FAA previously reported that the jets will remain grounded until all emergency door plugs are evaluated, and on Friday noted “the safety of the flying public, not speed, will determine the timeline for returning the Boeing 737-9 MAX to service.” Hundreds of 737-9 Max 9 flights have been canceled since January 5’s emergency landing, while United Airlines has discovered loose door plug bolts in at least one of its own 737 Max 9 planes.

[Related: Here’s what to know about the Japan Airlines collision.]

The FAA’s oversight announcement arrives one day after the agency issued a letter to Boeing informing the company of an investigation into its planes’ design and production safety. This is not the first time Boeing’s line of 737 planes has faced scrutiny after emergencies. Fatal international crashes in 2018 and 2019 resulted in Boeing grounding all its 737 Max aircraft for nearly two years, with the company ultimately paying $2.5 billion in a settlement with the Department of Justice to avoid criminal charges.

In the week since the emergency, Alaskan Airlines issued full refunds to all Flight 1282 passengers alongside $1,500 “to assist with any inconveniences.” Meanwhile, at least six passengers have already filed a lawsuit against Boeing, in which they allege some of the plane’s oxygen masks did not appear to function during the ordeal.

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As satellite constellations and space junk continue crowding orbital zones above Earth, researchers are searching for ways to prevent adding to the growing problem. According to one team of researchers, one solution may involve using the physical rocket to fuel its own launch.

Collaborators from the University of Glasgow say they have debuted the first successful, unsupported autophage (Latin for “self-eating”) rocket engine prototype. Revealed earlier this week during the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics SciTech Forum, the Ouroboros-3—named after the ancient Egyptian symbol of a snake eating its own tail—utilizes its own body as an additional fuel source. In a video of the tests, the Ouroboros-3 can be seen shrinking in length as its body is burned away during a simulated launch.

Today’s conventional rocketry stores its fuel in separate stages that are ejected once depleted, either to burn up during atmospheric re-entry or to become yet another piece of orbital space junk. Ouroboros-3 leaves very little trace once it completes its duties, given that it would only be tasked with launching and delivering a small, unpiloted payload into orbit.

After a first ignition using a main propellant composed of gaseous oxygen and liquid propane, Ouroboros-3’s high-density polyethylene plastic tubing encasement subsequently adds to the propulsion as the rocket continues its burn. Much like a candlestick flame consuming its wax, the case provided as much as one-fifth the total necessary propellant. In test-firings, Ouroboros-3 generated as much as 100 newtons of thrust.

“A conventional rocket’s structure makes up between five and 12 percent of its total mass. Our tests show that the Ouroboros-3 can burn a very similar amount of its own structural mass as propellant,” University of Glasgow engineering professor and project lead Patrick Harkness said in a statement earlier this week. “If we could make at least some of that mass available for payload instead, it would be a compelling prospect for future rocket designs.”

Subsequent tests also demonstrated how the team can control their autophage rocket’s burn, allowing it to restart, pulse in an on/off pattern, or be throttled.

“These results are a foundational step on the way to developing a fully-functional autophage rocket engine,” Harkness continued.

[Related: The FCC just dished out their first space junk fine.]

Although still an early prototype, the team hopes to scale future iterations of Ouroboros-3 enough to support the delivery of payloads, such as nanosatellites, into orbit without further cluttering the atmosphere. Speaking with Gizmodo on Thursday, Harkness intends to strengthen their autophage rocket by around two orders of magnitude—any more than that is probably unnecessary, since deliveries will likely be restricted to comparatively small payloads.

Still, autophage rockets could one day provide the space industry with an alternative to existing designs’ costly, cluttering problems. And besides, anything that helps avoid instigating a Kessler cascade is certainly good news.

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It may officially be Hollywood awards season, but NASA is also rolling out a red carpet of its own. On January 12 at 4pm EST, the agency will livestream the official public debut of its highly anticipated X-59 QueSST experimental aircraft. Designed alongside Lockheed Martin’s secretive Skunk Works division, the currently one-of-a-kind X-59 QueSST (short for Quiet SuperSonic Technology) is intended to demonstrate its potentially industry-shifting ability for human air travel at supersonic speeds sans sonic boom.

A sonic boom’s trademark thunderclap has long been associated with vehicles traveling faster than Mach 1. As a plane’s velocity surpasses the speed of sound, the shockwave formed by its wake results in a percussive noise capable of startling nearby humans and animals, as well as shattering windows if loud enough.

[Related: This experimental NASA plane will try to break the sound barrier—quietly.]

While sonic booms are permitted by certain military aircraft, commercial flights above the US have been prohibited from generating them since the Concorde jet’s retirement in 2003. The cutting edge X-59, in contrast, is designed to travel around 938 mph while only creating a “sonic thump” that is supposedly much quieter than an average sonic boom’s 110 decibels. NASA representatives previously estimated the X-59 will generate around 75 decibels of sound, or about as loud as slamming a car door.

Engineers have spent years creating and honing the X-59’s state-of-the-art design. The experimental craft to be showcased on Friday is much smaller and more elongated than similar planes, measuring roughly 95-feet-long and less than 30-feet-wide. As New Scientist points out, that’s narrower than an F-16, but twice as long. The nose alone comprises nearly half plane’s length to ensure shockwaves generated near the front do not merge with waves created in the rear and thus emit a deafening boom. Because of this, the plane’s pilot will rely on 4K video screens inside the cockpit for their visuals to guide the aircraft.

It’s highly unlikely that X-59 will publicly take to the skies on Friday. Instead, the ceremony is meant to mark the beginning of a multiyear testing phase that will see the X-59 speed above “several US communities” selected by NASA’s QueSST team, who will then gather data and assess public reactions to the supposedly “gentle” sonic thump.

“This is the big reveal,” Catherine Bahm, manager of NASA’s Low Boom Flight Demonstrator project overseeing the X-59’s development and construction, said in a separate announcement. “The rollout is a huge milestone toward achieving the overarching goal of the QueSST mission to quiet the sonic boom.”

To call a sonic thump “quiet” may be a bit of an oversell, however. According to a 2022 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report, many people aren’t exactly pleased with daily disruptions caused by existing subsonic air travel, so it’s hard to envision sonic thumps being quieter than the average passenger jet. And even if the X-59’s volume proves nominal, environmental advocates continue to voice concerns over the potentially dramatic increase in carbon emissions that a new era of hypersonic flights could generate. In a letter penned to NASA administrator Bill Nelson by Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) last year, the watchdog organization argued increased supersonic travel would be a “climate debacle.”

[Related: Air Force transport jets for VIPs could have a supersonic future.]

“Because the QueSSt mission is focused on the sonic boom challenge, the X-59 is not intended to be used as a tool to conduct research into other challenges of supersonic flight such as landing and takeoff noise, emissions and fuel burn. These challenges are being explored in other NASA research,” NASA representatives told The Register in July 2023.

Even if everything goes smoothly, however, it is unlikely that a fleet of X-59 jets will be zipping over everyone’s heads anytime soon. In 2021, a Lockheed Martin Skunk Works manager estimated that supersonic air travel won’t feasibly make its potential return until around 2035.

First, however, is Friday’s scheduled pomp and circumstance. Viewers can tune into NASA’s livestream of the event at 4pm ET on YouTube, as well as through the agency’s NASA+ streaming service, NASA app, and website.

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Meta announced plans to implement new privacy safeguards specifically aimed at better shielding teens and minors from online content related to graphic violence, eating disorders, and self-harm. The new policy update for both Instagram and Facebook “in line with expert guidance” begins rolling out today and will be “fully in place… in the coming months,” according to the tech company.

[Related: Social media drama can hit teens hard at different ages.]

All teen users’ account settings—categorized as “Sensitive Content Control” on Instagram and “Reduce” on Facebook—will automatically enroll in the new protections, while the same settings will be applied going forward on any newly created accounts of underage users. All accounts of users 18 and under will be unable to opt out of the content restrictions. Teens will soon also begin receiving semiregular notification prompts recommending additional privacy settings. Enabling these recommendations using a single opt-in toggle will automatically curtail who can repost the minor’s content, as well as restrict who is able to tag or mention them in their own posts.

“While we allow people to share content discussing their own struggles with suicide, self-harm and eating disorders, our policy is not to recommend this content and we have been focused on ways to make it harder to find,” Meta explained in Tuesday’s announcement. Now, search results related to eating disorders, self-harm, and suicide will be hidden for teens, with “expert resources” offered in their place. A screenshot provided by Meta in its newsroom post, for example, shows links offering a contact helpline, messaging a friend, as well as “see suggestions from professionals outside of Meta.”

[Related: Default end-to-end encryption is finally coming to Messenger and Facebook.]

Users currently must be a minimum of 13-years-old to sign up for Facebook and Instagram. In a 2021 explainer, the company states it relies on a number of verification methods, including AI analysis and secure video selfie verification partnerships.

Meta’s expanded content moderation policies arrive almost exactly one year after Seattle’s public school district filed a first-of-its-kind lawsuit against major social media companies including Meta, Google, TikTok, ByteDance, and Snap. School officials argued at the time that such platforms put profitability over their students’ mental wellbeing by fostering unhealthy online environments and addictive usage habits. As Engadget noted on Tuesday, 41 states including Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Delaware filed a similar joint complaint against Meta in October 2023.

“Meta has been harming our children and teens, cultivating addiction to boost corporate profits,” California Attorney General Rob Bonta said at the time.”

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When it’s time for a snack, the miniscule sea creature known as Oikopleura dioica gets gross. At barely a millimeter long, the filter-feeding larvacean excretes and encases itself in a jelly-like substance to form what biologists dub a “mucus house” or a “snot palace.” 

A tadpole-like O. dioica’s tiny, temporary abodes are biological wonders—using its tail, the larvacean creates its own pump-filtration system capable of capturing and propelling food particles towards its mouth. Now, researchers believe the snot palace’s interior fluid dynamics could inspire a new generation of artificial pump systems for wastewater treatment plants and air filtration systems.

[Related: These animals build palaces out of their own snot.]

“It’s so cool. It’s a pretty complex structure,” University of Oregon biology research assistant Terra Hiebert said in a January 8 profile.

Hiebert and collaborators detailed their work in a study recently published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. To better understand a snot palace’s inner workings, Hiebert’s team traveled to a larvacean breeding facility in Bergen, Norway to analyze the creatures’ movements using a high-speed video camera attached to a microscope. In reviewing the footage, researchers noticed how an O. dioica’s tail shifted responsibilities depending on whether or not it was time to eat. While simply swimming near the ocean’s surface, the tail wriggles side-to-side to push the creature forward through water, but it’s a different story once inside the mucus house.

Once encased in the gelatinous substance, O. dioica’s appendage actually touches the interior in multiple locations. When the tail wiggles in these moments, the animal doesn’t move nearly as much. Instead, the tail sticks and unsticks from the casing “like Velcro,” according to the University of Oregon, and the snot palace subsequently inflates like a balloon as nearby particles collect on the surface. Each movement pushes these particles along, eventually in the direction of the larvacean’s mouth. Once the mucus filtration system is too clogged to function, O. dioica simply sheds its makeshift restaurant, which then sinks into the ocean and eventually decomposes. In approximately 3-to-4 hours, the larvacean repeats the process all over again.

Although O. dioica’s structure fits the bill for a peristaltic pump, it’s not the most common design. Usually, a peristaltic pump’s fluid motion originates through external pressure, such as contractions in your colon to push along waste. In a snot palace, however, the momentum derives from within the pump itself via the larvacean’s tail. Researchers believe designers could adapt this alternative setup for engineering new wastewater treatment plants or air filtration systems—hypothetically, locating any moving parts within the pump could protect the overall setup from wear-and-tear.

If this proves true, urban planners could have snot palaces to thank for cleaner, more efficient municipal water facilities. 

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2023 marked the rise of generative AI and 2024 could well be the year its makers reckon with the technology’s fallout of the industry-wide arms race. Currently, OpenAI is aggressively pushing back against recent lawsuits’ claims that its products including ChatGPT are illegally trained on copyrighted texts. What’s more, the company is making some bold legal claims as to why their programs should have access to other people’s work.

[Related: Generative AI could face its biggest legal tests in 2024.]

In a blog post published on January 8, OpenAI accused The New York Times of “not telling the full story” in the media company’s major copyright lawsuit filed late last month. Instead, OpenAI argues its scraping of online works falls within the purview of “fair use.” The company additionally claims that it currently collaborates with various news organizations (excluding, among others, The Times) on dataset partnerships, and dismisses any “regurgitation” of outside copyrighted material as a “rare bug” they are working to eliminate. This is attributed to “memorization” issues that can be more common when content appears multiple times within training data, such as if it can be found on “lots of different public websites.”

“The principle that training AI models is permitted as a fair use is supported by a wide range of [people and organizations],” OpenAI representatives wrote in Monday’s post, linking out to recently submitted comments from several academics, startups, and content creators to the US Copyright Office.

In a letter of support filed by Duolingo, for example, the language learning software company wrote that it believes that “Output generated by an AI trained on copyrighted materials should not automatically be considered infringing—just as a work by a human author would not be considered infringing merely because the human author had learned how to write through reading copyrighted works.” (On Monday, Duolingo confirmed to Bloomberg it has laid off approximately 10 percent of its contractors, citing its increased reliance on AI.)

On December 27, The New York Times sued both OpenAI and Microsoft—which currently utilizes the former’s GPT in products like Bing—for copyright infringement. Court documents filed by The Times claim OpenAI trained its generative technology on millions of the publication’s articles without permission or compensation. Products like ChatGPT are now allegedly used in lieu of their source material at a detriment to the media company. More readers opting for AI news summaries presumably means less readers subscribing to source outlets, argues The Times.

The New York Times lawsuit is only the latest in a string of similar filings claiming copyright infringement, including one on behalf of notable writers, as well as another for visual artists.

Meanwhile, OpenAI is lobbying government regulators over their access to copyrighted material. According to The Telegraph on January 7, a recent letter submitted by OpenAI to the UK’s House of Lords communications and digital argues access to copyrighted materials is vital to the company’s success and product relevancy.

“Because copyright today covers virtually every sort of human expression—including blog posts, photographs, forum posts, scraps of software code, and government documents—it would be impossible to train today’s leading AI models without using copyrighted materials,” OpenAI wrote in the letter, while also contending that limiting training data to public domain work, “might yield an interesting experiment, but would not provide AI systems that meet the needs of today’s citizens.” The letter states that it is part of OpenAI’s “mission to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity.”

Meanwhile, some critics have swiftly mocked OpenAI’s claim that its program’s existence requires the use of others’ copyrighted work. On the social media platform Bluesky, historian and author Kevin M. Kruse likened OpenAI’s strategy to selling illegally obtained items in a pawn shop.

“Rough Translation: We won’t get fabulously right if you don’t let us steal, so please don’t make stealing a crime!” AI expert Gary Marcus also posted to X on Monday.

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The Federal Trade Commission is on the hunt for creative ideas tackling one of scam artists’ most cutting edge tools, and will dole out as much as $25,000 for the most promising pitch. First announced last fall, submissions are now officially open for the FTC’s Voice Cloning Challenge. The contest is looking for ideas for “preventing, monitoring, and evaluating malicious” AI vocal cloning abuses.

Artificial intelligence’s ability to analyze and imitate human voices is advancing at a breakneck pace—deepfaked audio already appears capable of fooling as many as 1-in-4 unsuspecting listeners into thinking a voice is human-generated. And while the technology shows immense promise in scenarios such as providing natural-sounding communication for patients suffering from various vocal impairments, scammers can use the very same programs for selfish gains. In April 2023, for example, con artists attempted to target a mother in Arizona for ransom by using AI audio deepfakes to fabricate her daughter’s kidnapping. Meanwhile, AI imitations present a host of potential issues for creative professionals like musicians and actors, whose livelihoods could be threatened by comparatively cheap imitations.

[Related: Deepfake audio already fools people nearly 25 percent of the time.]

Remaining educated about the latest in AI vocal cloning capabilities is helpful, but that can only do so much as a reactive protection measure. To keep up with the industry, the FTC initially announced its Voice Cloning Challenge in November 2023, which sought to “foster breakthrough ideas on preventing, monitoring, and evaluating malicious voice cloning.” The contest’s submission portal launched on January 2, and will remain open until 8pm ET on January 12.

According to the FTC, judges will evaluate each submission based on its feasibility, the idea’s focus on reducing consumer burden and liability, as well as each pitch’s potential resilience in the face of such a quickly changing technological landscape. Written proposals must include a less-than-one page abstract alongside a more detailed description under 10 pages in length explaining their potential product, policy, or procedure. Contestants are also allowed to include a video clip describing or demonstrating how their idea would work.

In order to be considered for the $25,000 grand prize—alongside a $4,000 runner-up award and up to three, $2,000 honorable mentions—submitted projects must address at least one of the three following areas of vocal cloning concerns, according to the official guidelines: 

• Prevention or authentication methods that would limit unauthorized vocal cloning users
• Real-time detection or monitoring capabilities
• Post-use evaluation options to assess if audio clips contain cloned voices

The Voice Cloning Challenge is the fifth of such contests overseen by the FTC thanks to funding through the America Competes Act, which allocated money for various government agencies to sponsor competitions focused on technological innovation. Previous, similar solicitations focused on reducing illegal robocalls, as well as bolstering security for users of Internet of Things devices.

[Related: AI voice filters can make you sound like anyone—and anyone sound like you.]

Winners are expected to be announced within 90 days after the contest’s deadline. A word of caution to any aspiring visionaries, however: if your submission includes actual examples of AI vocal cloning… please make sure its source human consented to the use. Unauthorized voice cloning sort of defeats the purpose of the FTC challenge, after all, and is grounds for immediate disqualification.

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Although long-abandoned for far more advanced successors, MS-DOS remains a pivotal piece of computer history. Released to the public on the very first IBM Personal Computers back in 1980, MS-DOS quickly became a standard operating system within the growing PC market throughout the ensuing decade. While many versions are still preserved on their original floppy disks, a new archival discovery appears to be the influential program’s earliest known forerunner still in existence.

As recently spotted by The Register and Ars Technica, “vintage code enthusiast” and flight simulator designer Gene Buckle recently unearthed a 86-DOS version 0.1-C floppy disk, reportedly the operating system’s oldest known, still accessible iteration—one that predates even the earliest public version of MS-DOS.

[Related: Yes, the Pentagon still uses floppy disks for nuclear launches.]

Contrary to what many may think, MS-DOS wasn’t actually the creation of Microsoft—the then-newcomers licensed the disk system from a company called Seattle Computer Products (SCP) in 1981. Before Microsoft’s “MS-DOS” rebrand, SCP first called their OS “Quick’n’Dirty Operating System” (QDOS), but soon swapped over to the more marketable 86-DOS name. It’s this earliest version, stored across 9 files, that Buckle found late last month while archiving a backlog of over 400 8-inch floppy disks gifted to him a few years ago.

Interestingly, Buckle already made history earlier that very same day—by finding a copy of 86-DOS version 0.34. For a few hours, this disk was the oldest known MS-DOS precursor… until the subsequent 0.1-C find. Finding a working copy 0.1-C is akin to stumbling across a “holy grail” of computer history, one commenter claims on the Internet Archive entry uploaded by Buckle.

According to Buckle, even more discoveries may be hiding in wait. Many more original 8-inch floppy disks are in his to-archive queue, including what he believes could be a complete set of MicroPro products such as WordStar and SpellStar—some of the earliest word processing and spellcheck programs. Different operating system disks may also lurk among the remaining floppies. If that weren’t enough, then there are the 5.25-inch disks to explore—all 1,500 or so, according to The Register.

Thanks to Buckle uploading 86-DOS v. 0.1-C to the Internet Archive here, tech wizards are welcome to give the old system a boot-up through an OS emulator such as the Open SIMH Project. For anyone who for whatever reason isn’t skilled in bringing vintage computer operating systems back to life: feel free to check out this video from NTDev showing 86-DOS version 0.1 in (limited) action. And for a deeper dive into the intricate, fascinating history of DOS, there’s this essay series courtesy of the OS/2 Museum.

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Signs of humanity have traveled through space ever since the very first radio signals left the Earth’s atmosphere. We even made concerted efforts to broadcast evidence of our existence through projects like the historic Voyager spacecraft recordings—but an official intergalactic tourism campaign advertising alien vacations to the “Horse Capital of the Word?” That’s a first.

[ Related: How scientists decide if they’ve actually found signals of alien life ]

The Lexington Convention and Visitors Bureau (VisitLEX) recently turned to University of Kentucky professor and longtime SETI advocate, Robert Lodder, to assemble experts from various disciplines including linguistics, philosophy, and design to attract a unique target audience: (potential) extraterrestrial lifeforms. More specifically, any extraterrestrial life possibly residing within the TRAPPIST-1 system.

Located approximately 40 light-years away in the Leo constellation, TRAPPIST-1 is by far the most studied planetary system outside of our own. There, seven rocky planets orbit a small red dwarf star, three of which reside within its “Goldilocks zone”—the region astrobiologists believe could be conducive to supporting life.

“Many previous transmissions have employed the language of mathematics for communication, and our team did, too,” Lodder tells PopSci. “But we decided that extraterrestrials might be more interested in things unique to Planet Earth than Universal Truths like mathematics, so if we seek to attract visitors, it would be best to send something interesting and uniquely Earth.”

Collaborators ultimately decided on a package including black-and-white photographs of rolling Kentucky bluegrass hills, an audio recording of local blues legend, Tee Dee Young, and an original bitmap illustration—a type of image in which programmers use basic coding to create a grid with shaded blocks that form rudimentary images. Among other subjects, this bitmap art includes renderings of humans, horses, the elements necessary for life (as we know it), alongside the chemical composition maps of ethanol and water, aka alcohol—more specifically to Kentucky, bourbon.

With the message’s contents compiled, Lodder’s team then converted their advertisement into a one-dimensional array of light pulses using a computer-laser interface aimed at TRAPPIST-1. On a clear, dark autumn evening, VisitLEX hosted researchers and local guests at Kentucky Horse Park to fire off their tourism package into space.

While lasers are increasingly replacing radio communications in space due their increased data storage capabilities and lower costs, transmissions must be strong enough to travel millions of miles without degrading. This requires equally strong equipment, such as the Deep Space Optical Communications array aboard NASA’s Psyche spacecraft.

VisitLEX’s laser is far weaker than NASA’s equipment, but Lodder believes that at least some of the transmission’s light photons “will almost certainly” reach TRAPPIST-1. That said, it’s difficult to know if there will be enough photons to fully decode their message.

“The alien receiving technology could be worse than ours, or much better,” says Lodder.

[ Related: JWST just scanned the skies of potentially habitable exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b ]

Regardless, if ETs ever do make a pitstop in Lexington because of VisitLEX’s interstellar commercial, it likely won’t happen until at least the year 2103—40 light-years for the broadcast to reach TRAPPIST-1, followed by another 40 light-years to travel the approximately 235-million mile trek over to Earth, assuming they’re capable of traveling at the speed of light. It all might sound like a lot both logistically and technologically, but both VisitLEX and Lodder’s team swear it’s worth the planning.

[ Related: To set the record straight: Nothing can break the speed of light ]

If there’s anyone out there listening and able to pick up this kind of admittedly weak signal—and if they have a taste for oak barrel aged bourbon and/or horses—well…

Update 1/12/24 9:00am: PopSci received the following response from Jan McGarry, Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging Systems Deputy Lead at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and her retired colleague, John Degnan:
“The distance to the nearest star is 2 light years away or many orders of magnitude farther than the edge of our solar system (Pluto). Since the strength of a laser communications link is proportional to 1 divided by the distance squared, it is highly unlikely that a laser system would be able to transfer any meaningful amount of information over that distance let alone one 20 times farther away where the signal would be 400 times smaller.”

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A rocket stocked with scientific instruments, technological gadgets, and… bitcoin (literally) is about to head for the moon’s surface. United Launch Alliance’s NASA-funded Vulcan Centaur is slated to lift off in the early hours of January 8 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to begin its nearly two-month journey. After traveling roughly 238,900 miles, the nearly 2,829-pound Peregrin lander, built by private space company Astrobotic, should arrive at the Gruithuisen Domes within the moon’s Sinus Viscositatis region. If successful, it will mark the first US landing on Earth’s satellite since NASA’s Apollo 17 mission in 1972.

As Gizmodo notes, over 20 various payloads from six countries will be aboard the Peregrin lander—some meant for research, with others purely symbolic gestures ahead of Artemis astronauts’ planned touchdown later this decade.

[Related: Why scientists think it’s time to declare a new lunar epoch.]

The technology aboard

NASA intends to utilize a number of new tools and analysis tech aboard the lander, including a Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System (NIRVSS) and Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS) meant for identifying substances such as water on the lunar surface. A Laser Retro-Reflector Array (LRA) will also provide incredibly precise distance measurements between the moon and Earth, while the Linear Energy Transfer Spectrometer (LETS) will assess lunar surface radiation to advance future astronauts’ safety.

Similar to LETS, Germany’s M-42 radiation detector will analyze similar potential mission dangers, as Mexico’s Colmena robot swarm will deploy and assemble to form a solar panel. Alongside not to be outdone, Carnegie Mellon University’s tiny, student-built Iris Lunar rover could become the first US robot upon the moon if all goes as planned. In addition, the university is also sending off a MoonArk lightweight time capsule containing poems, music, nano-scale objects, Earth samples, and images.

Also, that

Despite the industry’s many criticisms, a portion of Vulcan’s inventory will also center on cryptocurrency—namely, Bitcoin. Thanks to BitMex and Bitcoin Magazine, a physical Bitcoin engraved with a private encryption key will be deposited on the lunar surface for “future explorers” to recover, along with a few other shiny crypto objects.

Stranger things

Although primarily intended to signify humanity’s future on the moon, next week’s launch also includes the literal remnants of its past. Two memorial space companies, Celestis and Elysium Space, will also have cargo aboard the Vulcan rocket: DNA from legendary science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, as well as the trace cremated ashes of multiple original Star Trek actors and show creator, Gene Roddenberry.

And all that’s just a portion of the larger inventory list intended to travel in the Vulcan rocket next week. For a more detailed look at additional payload info, including a hunk of Mount Everest, head over to Gizmodo.

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Researchers can now access artificial intelligence analysis of global satellite imagery archives for an unprecedented look at humanity’s impact and relationship to our oceans. Led by Global Fishing Watch, a Google-backed nonprofit focused on monitoring maritime industries, the open source project is detailed in a study published January 3 in Nature. It showcases never-before-mapped industrial effects on aquatic ecosystems thanks to recent advancements in machine learning technology.

The new research shines a light on “dark fleets,” a term often referring to the large segment of maritime vessels that do not broadcast their locations. According to Global Fishing Watch’s Wednesday announcement, as much as 75 percent of all industrial fishing vessels “are hidden from public view.”

As The Verge explains, maritime watchdogs have long relied on the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to track vessels’ radio activity across the globe—all the while knowing the tool was far from perfect. AIS requirements differ between countries and vessels, and it’s easy to simply turn off a ship’s transponder when a crew wants to stay off the grid. Hence the (previously murky) realm of dark fleets.

“On land, we have detailed maps of almost every road and building on the planet. In contrast, growth in our ocean has been largely hidden from public view,” David Kroodsma, the nonprofit’s director of research and innovation, said in an official statement on January 3. “This study helps eliminate the blindspots and shed light on the breadth and intensity of human activity at sea.” 

[Related: How to build offshore wind farms in harmony with nature.]

To solve this data void, researchers first collected 2 million gigabytes of global imaging data taken by the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1 satellite constellation between 2017 and 2021. Unlike AIS limitations, the ESA satellite array’s sensitive radar technology allows it to detect surface activity or movement, regardless of cloud coverage or time of day.

From there, the team combined this information with GPS data to highlight otherwise undetected or overlooked ships. A machine learning program then analyzed the massive information sets to pinpoint previously undocumented fishing vessels.

The newest findings upend previous industry assumptions, and showcase the troublingly larger impact of dark fleets around the world.

“Publicly available data wrongly suggests that Asia and Europe have similar amounts of fishing within their borders, but our mapping reveals that Asia dominates—for every 10 fishing vessels we found on the water, seven were in Asia while only one was in Europe,” Jennifer Raynor, a study co-author and University of Wisconsin-Madison assistant professor of natural resource economics, said in the announcement. “By revealing dark vessels, we have created the most comprehensive public picture of global industrial fishing available.”

It’s not all troubling revisions, however. According to the team’s findings, the number of green offshore energy projects more than doubled over the five-year timespan analyzed. As of 2021, wind turbines officially outnumbered the world’s oil platforms, with China taking the lead by increasing its number of wind farms by 900 percent.

“Previously, this type of satellite monitoring was only available to those who could pay for it. Now it is freely available to all nations,” Kroodsma said in Wednesday’s announcement, declaring the study as marking “the beginning of a new era in ocean management and transparency.”

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Authorities have located a missing Chinese high school exchange student “alive but very cold and scared” on a Utah mountainside after the 17-year-old fell victim to “cyber kidnapping.” The student’s parents first reported their child missing on the evening of December 28 after he failed to return to his host family’s home in Riverdale, Utah. After a multiday investigation, local police working alongside the FBI, Chinese officials, and the US Chinese embassy located the teen at a wooded campsite roughly 25 miles north, near Brigham City, Utah, on December 31.

According to the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Management, cyber kidnapping is a criminal strategy allowing attackers to remotely target victims. Often focused on foreign exchange students, cyber kidnappers threaten to harm their intended victim’s loved ones unless they self-isolate at an undisclosed location. Targets supply photos and videos to their manipulators, who then relay the media to family members as if the victim has been physically abducted. 

In this instance, the victim’s family reportedly transferred approximately $80,000 to various Chinese bank accounts after receiving repeated threats to their teen’s safety. Although the exact frequency of cyber kidnappings remains unknown, security experts warn that technological advances such as AI vocal cloning and deepfakes could make them easier to perpetrate.

Investigators reportedly used the teen’s phone geodata and bank transaction records to locate his campsite’s approximate area within a canyon near Brigham City. The Weber County Sheriff’s Office deployed its Search and Rescue Drone team to the region, after which authorities came across the teen staying in a small tent with only a sleeping bag, heated blanket, and “limited” food and water.

“The victim only wanted to speak to his family to ensure they were safe and requested a warm cheeseburger, both of which were accomplished on the way back to Riverdale PD,” police chief Casey Warren claimed in a statement posted to Facebook on December 31.

[Related: AI vocal clone tech used in kidnapping scam.]

Authorities are now actively investigating the cyber kidnapping’s orchestrators and warn the public to remain aware of the scamming strategy. If such an attempt is suspected, targets are advised to immediately contact law enforcement, discontinue all conversations with the assailants, and refrain from transferring any money to them.

The Utah exchange student’s interactions with his cyber kidnappers reportedly first date at least as far back as December 20, 2023, when he first purchased camping equipment and attempted to isolate near Provo. Local police were allegedly “concerned for his safety,” and returned him to his host family the same day. The 17-year-old made no reference to his ongoing harassment at the time.

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Air traffic experts are currently conducting their investigation into the deadly collision between two planes at Tokyo’s Haneda Airport that killed five Japan Coast Guard members. The details of the accident at the world’s third largest air travel hub are still to be determined.

On January 2 at approximately 5:47 PM local time, a Japan Airlines plane landing at Haneda Airport struck a Japan Coast Guard aircraft reportedly taxiing across the same runway. Video footage made available by Reuters shows flames already beginning to engulf the Airbus A350-900 before it completely landed, as well as emergency responders later putting out the fires. According to Japanese public broadcaster NHK, responders required over 100 firetrucks and other emergency vehicles to finally quell the blaze. Speaking with NBC News on Tuesday, one Japan Airlines passenger described feeling a large bump beneath the plane before seeing flames outside his window as smoke filled the cabin.

“The plane entered the runway in a normal manner and started normal landing procedures before there was impact and caused this accident, we have confirmed up to this point,” Japan Airlines senior vice president of corporate safety and security Tadayuki Tsutsumi said during a news conference. “But anything beyond that, the investigation is ongoing.” 

Five Coast Guard members died in the collision, although their pilot survived. All 367 Japan Airlines passengers and 12 crew members aboard the Airbus A350-900 safely evacuated in time. 

The Japan Coast Guard intended its plane for a delivery supply run to the country’s western area struck by an earthquake on January 1. The quake registered a 7.6 on the Japanese seismic intensity scale, killed 55 people, and briefly prompted fears of potential tsunamis, although such sizable waves did not materialize.

“They were filled with a determined sense of mission, and it is extremely regrettable and distressing what has happened to them,” Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said of the Coast Guard victims during a news conference following the airline collision. “I express my profound condolences to their surviving families.”

US aviation safety watchdogs have voiced concerns in recent months about the frequency of near-collisions at airports. An August 2023 investigation from The New York Times cites chronic air traffic control understaffing as one potential factor, alongside rebounding post-pandemic air travel.

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A casual gamer could reasonably assume that, after nearly 35 years, there aren’t many achievements left to attain in the original Nintendo version of Tetris. Willis “blue scuti” Gibson, however, is not a casual gamer by any stretch of the imagination. And on December 21, the 13-year-old pulled off a seemingly impossible feat—he became the first person to “break” the classic puzzle game.

During a livestream, Gibson shocked viewers (and himself) by encountering a never-before-documented, game-ending glitch while playing Tetris on Level 157. To pull off an achievement many once believed impossible, Gibson relied on hours of training, a dedicated community of like-minded gamers, as well as a decades’ deep history of playing innovation, statistical analysis, and perseverance.

Check out a lengthy rundown of the historic gaming moment from aGameScout below:

A glitch nearly four decades in the making

First designed by Soviet software engineer Alexey Pajitnov in 1984, Tetris eventually made its way to the US in 1988 via a number of ports, including the popular NES cartridge game. You can read the surprisingly intricate history of Tetris development and licensing here.

Tetris has long been a go-to for competitive gamers across the world. For decades, players widely believed the classic game’s Level 29 to be its highest achievable level. At that point, the falling block speed becomes so fast that it’s difficult to consistently move pieces to either side of the playing field using the NES controller, ensuring an eventual loss. This technically wasn’t a “kill screen,” per se, in which a coding error crashes a game. Level 29 doesn’t include a game glitch, but because it wasn’t physically possible to keep up, most everyone accepted Level 29 to ostensibly be the original Tetris kill screen.

After 22 years, however, the world of Tetris was upended thanks to one of video gaming’s very first professional competitive gamers. In 2010, Thor Aackerlund reached Level 30 via “hypertapping,” a speedrun method in which a player vibrates their fingers in such a way as to allow the controller to move faster than the in-game speed. From there, other professional gamers soon surpassed Aackerlund’s record while also adopting new, intricate speedrunning controller techniques. By November 2023, players managed to reach a previously unimaginable Level 148 official top level.

[Related: Only 1 in 10 classic video games are publicly accessible today.]

Meanwhile, Tetris technically met its match in an AI program specifically designed to play until a slightly modified version (to accommodate for higher scores) of the game’s coding and RAM gave out. At the same time, enthusiasts began digging into the mathematics underlying the software code itself to determine statistically derived theories on how a human could “beat” the unmodified game. (Watch aGameScout’s entire YouTube video for a fuller rundown.) By the end of 2024, Tetris veterans determined that a dedicated player could make it happen under a very certain set of conditions.

The teen that bested Tetris

On December 21, 2023, Gibson made it happen, becoming the first documented person to achieve the “true” game crash. Nearly 40 years after its development, a human player legitimately beat what was once considered an unbeatable classic. True to Tetris’ legacy, Gibson’s milestone isn’t the end of the road—players are now attempting new records, such as obtaining even higher point scores, and playing for as long as possible while avoiding the kill screen glitch. 2023 ended on a high note for the competitive gaming world, but like Tetris itself, there is always another level to master.

Update 1/3/24 8:55am: In an email to PopSci, Tetris CEO Maya Rogers provided the following comment: As we celebrate the 40th anniversary of Tetris this year, moments like these truly showcase the passion and dedication of Tetris enthusiasts. Congratulations to ‘blue scuti’ for achieving this extraordinary accomplishment, a feat that defies all preconceived limits of this legendary game. This monumental achievement not only breaks new ground in the realm of Tetris but also ignites our anticipation for its future. Here’s to the incredible journey ahead!

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NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter (technically a rotorcraft) has made dozens of tiny aerial jaunts across Mars since first arriving on the planet in February 2021, but its latest flight set a new record for the tiny aircraft. On December 21, NASA reported Ingenuity’s 69th flight was also its farthest, according to its flight log—over 135 seconds, the four-pound, 19-inch-tall helicopter traveled roughly 2,315 feet at a speed of nearly 22.5 mph, beating its previous distance of about 2,310 feet achieved in April 2022.

As impressive as Ingenuity’s most recent flight already is, the trip went even better than originally expected. According to NASA’s Flight 69 preview log, the agency estimated its helicopter to journey about 2,304 feet over 131 seconds.

[Related: Name a better duo than NASA’s hard-working Mars rover and helicopter.]

In total, Ingenuity has so far spent 125.5 minutes aloft to fly nearly 10.5 miles across the surface at altitudes as high as almost 80 feet. While chugging along, the helicopter snaps images of the ground beneath it to send back home to NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) team overseeing the program in California. As Digital Trends notes, the visual aids have so far helped NASA engineers plot efficient, safe paths for the project’s Perseverance rover. In some instances, photographs even revealed new nearby geologic formations that the rover then detoured to explore.

Ingenuity long surpassed its original estimated lifespan, even without taking its latest feats into consideration. When first launched back in 2021, NASA expected the aircraft to only last for 5 flights in order to test avionic capabilities in the thin Martian air (just 1 percent of Earth’s atmosphere), and had no intention of utilizing it as a major component in the overall Perseverance mission.

It hasn’t all been smooth flying for Ingenuity, however. Back in May 2022, the helicopter briefly went dark after a seasonal increase in atmospheric dust prevented its solar arrays from fully recharging. Thankfully, engineers sorted out the situation and reestablished communications with their rotorcraft. Now, after nearly 14 times more trips than first intended under its wings, Ingenuity doesn’t appear to be slowing down anytime soon.

[Related: Why NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter briefly went dark on Mars.]

Now that the helicopter exceeded NASA’s hopes, the agency believes similar, more advanced iterations could be deployed during future Mars missions, and perhaps even other locales throughout the solar system. For now, however, it’s one day at a time for Ingenuity—its 70th flight is also tentatively scheduled for this week.

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Some Apple users are eligible to receive a small chunk of change as part of a $25 million lawsuit settlement related to the tech company’s Family Sharing feature. Earlier this month, Apple agreed to allocate funds for users enrolled with at least one other person in the popular subscription sharing system between June 21, 2015 and January 30, 2019. Depending on the final number of filed claims through the official website, recipients will likely receive around $30—it may not be much, but that covers at least a couple months of Netflix or Hulu. Those who believe they qualify have until March 1, 2024, to fill out, print, and mail a form currently available through the case’s official website, after which time a final approval hearing is scheduled for the next month to confirm all the fine print.

Originally filed in 2019, the lawsuit alleged Apple misrepresented how many thirty-party apps and services qualified for its Family Sharing option. As its name implies, as many as six enrolled family members can all use the same subscriptions to Apple services such as Apple Card, Apple Music, Apple News Plus, Apple TV Plus, and Apple Arcade.

[Related: You may not be able to buy the latest Apple Watches after December 24th.]

Although certain third-party apps do opt into the feature, the original complaint claimed Apple “places and/or demands that its software developers place a small advertisement on the landing pages for its Apps which states that the App supports Family Sharing.” Apple allegedly did this despite knowing the “vast majority of subscription-based Apps” did not support the feature.

Despite agreeing to the settlement terms, Apple denies it ever misrepresented Family Sharing’s scope.

According to the settlement stipulations, Apple will allocate up to $50 for each filed claimant, with a maximum of $10 million also going to pay for legal fees. Affected customers can also expect to receive an email regarding the settlement in the near future, but can fill out the form at any time. Payments, when they finally do begin rolling out, will be deposited either through ACH transfer or check. No word on a timeline for that, however.

All that said, your potential Apple reimbursement comes with a caveat: If you sign up to pocket the cash, you forfeit the right to take part in any future lawsuits pertaining to the alleged Family Sharing false advertising. If you feel like you somehow have the means to pursue your own legal justice, then it’ll have to be financed sans any Apple restitution for now.

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Artificial intelligence programs easily and consistently outplay human competitors in cognitively intensive games like chess, poker, and Go—but it’s much harder for robots to beat their biological rivals in games requiring physical dexterity. That performance gap appears to be shortening, however, starting with a classic children’s puzzle game.

Researchers at Switzerland’s ETH Zurich recently unveiled CyberRunner, their new robotic system that leveraged precise physical controls, visual learning, and AI training reinforcement in order to learn how to play Labyrinth faster than a human.

Labyrinth and its many variants generally consist of a box topped with a flat wooden plane that tilts across an x and y axis using external control knobs. Atop the board is a maze featuring numerous gaps. The goal is to move a marble or a metal ball from start to finish without it falling into one of those holes. It can be a… frustrating game, to say the least. But with ample practice and patience, players can generally learn to steady their controls enough to steer their marble through to safety in a relatively short timespan.

CyberRunner, in contrast, reportedly mastered the dexterity required to complete the game in barely 5 hours. Not only that, but researchers claim it can now complete the maze in just under 14.5 seconds—over 6 percent faster than the existing human record.

The key to CyberRunner’s newfound maze expertise is a combination of real-time reinforcement learning and visual input from overhead cameras. Hours’ worth of trial-and-error Labyrinth runs are stored in CyberRunner’s memory, allowing it learn step-by-step how to best navigate the marble successfully along its route.

[Related: This AI program could teach you to be better at chess.]

“Importantly, the robot does not stop playing to learn; the algorithm runs concurrently with the robot playing the game,” reads the project’s description. “As a result, the robot keeps getting better, run after run.”

CyberRunner not only learned the fastest way to beat the game—but it did so by finding faults in the maze design itself. Over the course of testing possible pathways, the AI program uncovered shortcuts allowing it to shave off time from its runs. Basically, CyberRunner created its own Labyrinth cheat codes by finding shortcuts that sidestep the maze’s marked pathways.

CyberRunner’s designers have made the project completely open-source, with an aim for other researchers around the world to utilize and improve upon the program’s capabilities.
“Prior to CyberRunner, only organizations with large budgets and custom-made experimental infrastructure could perform research in this area,” project collaborator and ETH Zurich professor Raffaello D’Andrea said in a statement this week. “Now, for less than 200 dollars, anyone can engage in cutting-edge AI research. Furthermore, once thousands of CyberRunners are out in the real-world, it will be possible to engage in large-scale experiments, where learning happens in parallel, on a global scale.”

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Rite Aid is banned from utilizing facial recognition programs within any of its stores for the next five years. The pharmacy retail chain agreed to the ban as part of a Federal Trade Commission settlement regarding “reckless use” of the surveillance technology which “left its customers facing humiliation and other harms,” according to Samuel Levine, Director of the FTC’s Bureau of Consumer Protection.

“Today’s groundbreaking order makes clear that the Commission will be vigilant in protecting the public from unfair biometric surveillance and unfair data security practices,” Levine continued in the FTC’s December 19 announcement.

[Related: Startup claims biometric scanning can make a ‘secure’ gun.]

According to regulators, the pharmacy chain tested a pilot program of facial identification camera systems within an estimated 200 stores between 2012 and 2020. FTC states that Rite Aid “falsely flagged the consumers as matching someone who had previously been identified as a shoplifter or other troublemaker.” While meant to deter and help prosecute instances of retail theft, the FTC documents numerous incidents in which the technology mistakenly identified customers as suspected shoplifters, resulting in unwarranted searches and even police dispatches.

In one instance, Rite Aid employees called the police on a Black customer after the system flagged their face—despite the image on file depicting a “white lady with blonde hair,” cites FTC commissioner Alvaro Bedoya in an accompanying statement. Another account involved the unwarranted search of an 11-year-old girl, leaving her “distraught.” 

“Rite Aid’s facial recognition technology was more likely to generate false positives in stores located in plurality-Black and Asian communities than in plurality-White communities,” the FTC added.

“We are pleased to reach an agreement with the FTC and put this matter behind us,” Rite Aid representatives wrote in an official statement on Tuesday. Although the company stated it respects the FTC’s inquiry and reiterated the chain’s support of protecting consumer privacy, they “fundamentally disagree with the facial recognition allegations in the agency’s complaint.”

Rite Aid also contends “only a limited number of stores” deployed technology, and says its support for the facial recognition program ended in 2020.

“It’s really good that the FTC is recognizing the dangers of facial recognition… [as well as] the problematic ways that these technologies are deployed,” says Hayley Tsukayama, Associate Director of Legislative Activism at the digital privacy advocacy group, Electronic Frontier Foundation.

Tsukayama also believes the FTC highlighting Rite Aid’s disproportionate facial scanning in nonwhite, historically over-surveilled communities underscores the need for more comprehensive data privacy regulations.

“Rite Aid was deploying this technology in… a lot of communities that are over-surveilled, historically. With all the false positives, that means that it has a really disturbing, different impact on people of color,” she says.

In addition to the five year prohibition on employing facial identification, Rite Aid must delete any collected images and photos of consumers, as well as direct any third parties to do the same. The company is also directed to investigate and respond to all consumer complaints stemming from previous false identification, as well as implement a data security program to safeguard any remaining collected consumer information it stores and potentially shares with third-party vendors.

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NASA’s Psyche spacecraft accomplished yet another historic communications achievement less than a month after successfully firing its “first light” laser data transmission. On December 11, the onboard Deep Space Optical Communications array’s flight laser transceiver sent an “ultra-high definition” video clip approximately 19 million miles back to Earth—a new record not just for transmission, but for cat videos, as well.

According to NASA’s December 18 announcement, Psyche sent an encoded near-infrared laser beam to Earth last week at its maximum bandwidth speed of 267 megabits per second (Mbps) while en route to the space probe’s final destination, a metal-heavy asteroid located between Mars and Jupiter. Roughly 101 seconds later, researchers at Caltech’s Palomar Observatory received and downloaded the data package. The team then sent each individual video frame over to NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where the clip played in real time. And then, a cat named Taters made space exploration history.

As NASA explains, the 15-second video clip’s main character is an ode to some of the very first television test broadcast transmissions. Beginning in 1928, many of these earliest airings included a tiny statue of popular cartoon character, Felix the Cat. In honor of cats’ long lineage in telecommunications, Psyche’s brief scene showcases a sizable orange tabby named Taters chasing a red laser pointer across a couch while chilled out music plays in the background. Overlaid graphics also display information about the cute cat such as its heart rate, alongside more pertinent project info like Psyche’s orbital path, technical specs, and data bit rate information. 

[Related: NASA’s Psyche wins first deep space laser relay.]

Even across millions of miles of space, the demonstration reportedly holds up to some of the best internet download rates here on Earth.

“Despite transmitting from millions of miles away, [Psyche] was able to send the video faster than most broadband internet connections,” Ryan Rogalin, JPL’s receiver electronics lead for the project, explained on Monday. “In fact, after receiving the video at Palomar, it was sent to JPL over the internet, and that connection was slower than the signal coming from deep space.”

Thanks to this and future Psyche laser system testing, NASA plans to ready astronauts’ communications arrays for longterm voyages to the moon and Mars.

“Increasing our bandwidth is essential to achieving our future exploration and science goals, and we look forward to the continued advancement of this technology and the transformation of how we communicate during future interplanetary missions,” NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy said in the agency’s December 18 announcement.

For now, however, Taters takes center stage—although the video’s focal point wasn’t only a callback television’s very first test broadcasts.

“Today, cat videos and memes are some of the most popular content online,” reads NASA’s announcement, adding in its accompanying material that, “Coincidentally, cats like to chase lasers.”

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The absolute latest possible day to purchase an Apple Watch Series 9 and Apple Watch Ultra 2 for the foreseeable future is officially Christmas Eve. The company has announced that it will pause online sales of its most recent wearable models beginning at 3pm ET on December 21, with in-store inventory suspensions going into effect after December 24.

The upcoming unavailability isn’t due to a dangerous safety recall notice. It’s actually an ongoing patent dispute. According to legal filings, medical technology manufacturer Masimo claims Apple cloned its blood oxygen sensor tech hardware following a series of collaboration discussions that began in 2013. Although the two parties ultimately failed to team up, Masimo alleges that Apple stole tech information obtained during its meetings for its forthcoming Apple Watch design, as well as poached a number of Masimo employees.

[Related: Apple Watch comparison: Which one is right for you?]

The specific blood oxygen monitor technology in dispute is only available in the latest Apple Watch Series 9 and Ultra 2 models, hence the specific moratoriums. When enabled, the latest wearable optical system emits red and near-infrared light onto a wrist’s “blood perfused tissue.” Light sensors then detect and process re-emitted photo-signals into what are known as photoplethysmograms (PPGs) to track heartbeat pulsations. These are then translated into blood oxygen level readings for users. Earlier existing options such as the Series 8 and Watch SE are unaffected by the patent litigation, as they do not contain hardware Masimo claims violate patents.

“Before Masimo, pulse oximeters were unreliable, providing inaccurate measurements and frequent false alarms,” the medical company’s About Us page reads before contending Masimo “revolutionized the industry” thanks to its Signal Extraction Technology.

A US judge ruled in Masimo’s favor in January 2023 following years of legal back-and-forth, siding with the medical company’s claims of patent infringement via Apple Watch’s blood oxygen sensors. Although Apple appealed, an International Trade Commission ruling in October upheld the initial assessment. Although the Biden administration has since had 60 days to veto the ITC decision, its radio silence on the matter prompted Apple to “preemptively” announce its pulling of both Apple Watch Series 9 and Apple Watch Ultra 2 from US markets.

“Apple strongly disagrees with the order and is pursuing a range of legal and technical options to ensure that Apple Watch is available to customers,” reads a portion of the company statement provided to news outlets on December 18. “Should the order stand, Apple will continue to take all measures to return Apple Watch Series 9 and Apple Watch Ultra 2 to customers in the U.S. as soon as possible.”

If President Biden ultimately does not veto the ruling, Apple plans to appeal the ITC decision with the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The two Masimo patents mentioned by the ITC do not expire until August 2028. There is also the possibility that the two parties settle out-of-court, likely including a licensing agreement that puts the dispute to rest once and for all. In any case, be prepared to settle for Apple Watch Series 8 or older for the time being.
The last time a presidential administration issued a veto on Apple’s behalf was in 2013, when President Obama ruled in the company’s favor in an iPhone and iPad patent dispute with Samsung. A few months prior to the veto, Masimo’s chief medical officer left his position at the company for a role within Apple.

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Apart from their luxury connotation, diamonds are also desired for their far more tangible, useful property—being the hardest material on Earth. The glittering mineral’s durability measures somewhere between 70 and 150 gigapascals (GPa), making it a go-to component for heavy duty drill bits, dentist tools, and spacecraft protective coverings.

Unfortunately, mining and manufacturing diamonds both carry their pitfalls, so materials experts have long sought to synthesize a rival known as carbon nitride—all to no success. After more than three decades of trial and error, however, that losing streak is finally over thanks to researchers collaborating between the University of Edinburgh alongside Germany’s University of Bayreuth and Sweden’s Linköping University.

[Related: A buyer’s guide to ethically sourced diamonds.]

As detailed in a new study published in Advanced Materials, a team led by experts at the University of Edinburgh’s aptly named Center for Science at Extreme Conditions managed to create carbon nitrides—an achievement that has eluded researchers since 1989. As New Scientist explains, measuring between 78 and 86 GPa, the 5-micrometers-wide, 3-micrometers-deep samples are tougher than the world’s second-hardest material, cubic boron nitrade, which usually scores between 50 and 55 GPa. Although the carbon nitride creations confirm part of materials researchers’ early theory (namely, that they can be synthesized at all), the samples do not supplant diamond as the hardest known substance. Because of this, experts now believe diamonds may forever be the hardest material possible.

To make it all happen, researchers first subjected carbon nitride’s carbon and nitrogen precursors to roughly 700,000 times that of the planet’s atmospheric pressure by compressing them between two diamond points. At the same time, lasers heated the precursors to roughly 2732 degrees Fahrenheit. Basically, they simulated conditions only found thousands of miles within the Earth.

The resultant carbon nitride creations were then assessed using intensely strong X-ray beams at three separate particle accelerators across Europe. In doing so, the team determined three of their synthesized samples contained “necessary building blocks for super-hardness,” according to the University of Edinburgh’s December 14 announcement. Not only that, but the new materials retained their hardness after cooling and returning to normal atmospheric pressure.

“We were incredulous to have produced materials researchers have been dreaming of for the last three decades,” Dominique Laniel, a Future Leaders Fellow at University of Edinburgh’s Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, said through the school’s announcement. “These materials provide strong incentive to bridge the gap between high pressure materials synthesis and industrial applications.”

After performing additional calculations and experiments, researchers believe synthetic carbon nitrides could also possess photoluminescence alongside a high energy density, meaning very small quantities could be capable of storing comparatively large amounts of energy. To put it a bit more bluntly: carbon nitride could make for some powerful explosives.

Cost is currently the main factor from preventing larger carbon nitride manufacturing efforts. To make bigger samples, researchers need even bigger diamonds to apply the prerequisite pressure—a costly lab tool, to say the least. That said, diamonds can’t generate electrical signals under pressure, and they certainly aren’t known for their explosive properties. Synthetic carbon nitrides may one day become the “ultimate engineering materials to rival diamonds” in many applications, but only if economic and industry viability is ensured, which would take a lot more work.

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For nearly a year, the world waited with baited breath for closure to a whodunit orbiting over 250 miles above everyone’s heads. Last week, the wait came to an end, clearing astronaut Frank Rubio’s name in the process. NASA posted a brief rundown of the saga detailing the multi-month search for the MIA produce.

Whatever happened to the disappearing dwarf tomatoes?

Back in November 2022, the International Space Station received a cargo delivery containing materials for Veg-05, a project aimed at furthering NASA researchers’ and astronauts’ understanding of hydroponic and aeroponic growing methods in microgravity, without soil. Access to fresh food will be an absolute necessity during humans’ long-term missions to the moon, Mars, and perhaps one day even beyond. Regular grocery runs won’t exactly be an option for the first residents of a potential Martian base, so growing healthy, nutritious produce like tomatoes will be a must.

Veg-05 offered astronauts a chance to investigate various growing techniques, which ultimately resulted in an  impressive yield of dwarf tomatoes. At the time, astronauts including Frank Rubio intended to eventually taste test their ISS garden bounty. After picking the first two fruits off the vine, Rubio reportedly sealed them in a Ziploc bag and “velcroed it where I was supposed to velcro it,” he recounts in NASA’s video.

“And then I came back, and it was gone,” he continued.

While missing items are often recovered within the many ISS intake vents, Rubio estimates he spent somewhere between 18 and 20 hours of his spare time searching for the missing tomatoes, all to no avail. All the while, lighthearted rumors began to spread aboard the ISS that he simply ate the snacks without telling anyone. Rubio eventually returned to Earth on September 27 having broken the record for longest time spent in space (371 days), but still an accused man. During a subsequent December 6 livestream, however, ISS’s current residents broke the news: Rubio’s innocence could finally be confirmed.

[Related: Microgravity tomatoes, yogurt bacteria, and plastic eating microbes are headed to the ISS.]

“We can exonerate him; we found the tomato[es],” astronaut Jasmin Moghbeli said during last week’s broadcast.

Almost a year after their disappearance, the two tiny tomatoes were rediscovered—dehydrated, somewhat squishy, but very much intact and in their original Ziploc container.

That said, Rubio wasn’t the only one to miss out on eating the space-grown produce. In April 2023, NASA announced that while astronauts successfully grew their tomatoes, an unexpected risk of fungal and microbial contamination prevented anyone from actually tasting the final products. For what it’s worth, however, Rubio’s rediscovered tomatoes reportedly displayed no outward signs of contamination—perhaps a bit of cosmic karma.

UPDATE 12/19/23 9:04AM: In an email to PopSci, a NASA spokesperson confirmed the tomatoes’ hideaway locale:

The tomatoes were found behind the Earth-facing (or forward) hatch of the Harmony module of the International Space Station. The hatch holds the pressurized mating adapter, which allows visiting spacecraft to dock to the microgravity laboratory. Harmony is a connecting point between other modules of the space station, and houses crew quarters, as well as provides electrical power and electronic data for the orbital complex.

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NASA intends the Voyager program to continue its historic exploration for at least another few years. But after nearly half a century and billions of miles of cosmic travel, the pair of space probes aren’t the young, spry technological wonders they were back in 1977. Repairs are to be expected, as was the case earlier this year when NASA beamed a pair of software patches out to both Voyager 1 and 2. Earlier this week, however, NASA confirmed the detection of a new issue—while this one only reportedly affects Voyager 1, its engineering team is already at work finding a solution to coax a bit more life out of the record-breaking endeavor.

On December 12, NASA announced an issue within Voyager 1’s flight data system (FDS), one of the spacecraft’s three onboard computers. Although the probe can receive and carry out engineers’ commands, the FDS is currently unable to use its telemetry modulation unit (TMU) subsystem. Without this line of communication, Voyager 1 can’t transmit its engineering and science data back home.

[Related: Voyager probes get virtual tune-up to keep decades-long missions going and going.]

Although the TMU is designed to send data packages to Earth through simple binary code, it’s now “stuck” repeating a single pattern. NASA reportedly attempted the classic “turn it off and on again” IT trick, but to no avail.

According to the agency on Tuesday, it may take “several weeks” for a new potential solution to materialize. This is largely due to the fact that the Voyager program has continued chugging along far past its original lifespan estimate. Any remedies to these sorts of issues likely involves delving into decades-old documents penned by NASA engineers, people who had no way of knowing back in 1977 just how much further the probes would travel past Jupiter and Saturn. NASA also reminded everyone in its news update that, unlike near instantaneous texting between pals on Earth, it takes about 22.5 hours for signals to reach Voyager 1. That means it takes roughly two days minimum to assess the efficacy of any potential remedy.

Regardless of the current issue’s outcome, Linda Spilker, a project scientist for the Voyager program, knows there will inevitably come a day when Earth bids a final adieu to the little spacecrafts that could.

[Related: How is Voyager’s vintage technology still flying?]

“We’ve been able to resolve so many Voyager issues in the past but these are old spacecraft and we know that they can’t last forever,” she writes. “Voyager’s original mission was only four years long and we have certainly outlasted those early expectations.”

“The Voyager mission has transformed the way we look at our own solar system, from the planetary flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, to now exploring interstellar space, a place where no spacecraft has flown before,” Spilker continued.

“We realize that Voyager means a lot to people and we are doing our best to keep them going for as long as possible.”

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The last time Elon Musk publicly debuted a prototype of his humanoid robot, Optimus could “raise the roof” and wave at the politely enthused crowd attending Tesla’s October 2022 AI Day celebration. While not as advanced, agile, handy, or otherwise useful as existing bipedal robots, the “Bumblebee” proof-of-concept certainly improved upon the company’s first iteration—a person dressed as a robot.

On Wednesday night, Musk surprised everyone with a two-minute highlight reel posted to his social media platform, X, showcasing “Optimus Gen 2,” the latest iteration on display. In a major step forward, the now sleekly-encased robot can walk and handle an egg without breaking it. (Musk has previously stated he intends Optimus to be able to pick up and transport objects as heavy as 45 pounds.) 

Unlike last year’s Bumblebee demo, Tesla’s December 12 update only shows pre-taped, in-house footage of Gen 2 performing squats and stiffly striding across a Tesla showroom floor. That said, the new preview claims the third Optimus can accomplish such perambulations 30 percent quicker than before (an exact speed isn’t provided in the video) while weighing roughly 22 lbs less than Bumblebee. It also now includes “articulated foot sections” within its “human foot geometry.”

The main focus, however, appears to be the robot’s “faster… brand-new” five-fingered hands capable of registering and interpreting tactile sensations. To demonstrate, Optimus picks up an egg, transfers it between hands, and places it back down while a superimposed screen displays its finger pressure readings. 

[Related: Tesla’s Optimus humanoid robot can shuffle across stage, ‘raise the roof’]

The clip does not include an estimated release window or updated price point. In the past, Musk said production could begin as soon as this year, but revised that launch date in 2022 to somewhere 3-5 years down the line. If Optimus does make it off the factory line—and onto factory floors as a surrogate labor force—it will enter an industry rife with similar work robots.

During Tesla’s October 2022 AI Day event, Musk expressed his belief that Optimus will one day “help millions of people” through labor contributions that aid in creating “a future of abundance, a future where there is no poverty, where people can have whatever you want in terms of products and services.”

Musk previously offered a ballpark cost for Optimus at somewhere under $20,000—although his accuracy in such guesstimates aren’t great. The company’s much-delayed Cybertruck, for example, finally received its production launch event last month with a base price costing roughly one Optimus more than originally stated.

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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has issued a sweeping recall affecting nearly every Tesla sold in the US due to safety flaws within the vehicles’ Autopilot systems. About two million vehicles will receive over-the-air software updates in the coming days to address the company’s latest setback in its ongoing “Full Self-Driving” project.

According to the federal authority’s December 12 announcement, the electric vehicle company’s flagship, increasingly criticized “driver-assistance feature” reportedly fails to properly ensure drivers remain attentive and in control of their EVs. Because of this, the NHTSA determined “in certain circumstances when Autosteer is engaged, the prominence and scope of the feature’s controls may not be sufficient to prevent driver misuse.” As a result, Tesla vehicles with the outdated Autopilot system enabled could fail to properly guard against potential accidents.

[Related: Tesla is under federal investigation over autopilot claims.]

The update will apply to all Model X, Model S, Model 3, and Model Y cars manufactured between October 5, 2012, and December 7, 2023. Once installed, the latest Autorsteer version will reportedly “further encourage the driver to adhere to their continuous driving responsibility” via additional controls and alerts, as well as limit where the feature can be activated.

The sweeping recall is the latest blow to Tesla’s long standing promise to soon offer customers a suite of fully autonomous vehicles. The Full Self-Driving program has faced years of pushback from vehicle safety regulators and industry critics over its safety record, efficacy, and overall capabilities. Prior to this week’s recall, Autopilot was advertised as a “hands-on driver assistance system” intended only for use while operators maintained constant attention on the road.

“It does not turn a Tesla into a self-driving car nor does it make a car autonomous,” reads the company’s own description.

As Wired notes, Tesla drivers must agree to “maintain control and responsibility” for their EV while Autopilot is engaged. When activated, the feature offers a scalable number of audio and visual warnings when a driver is detected to have removed their hands from the steering wheel. Autopilot will automatically shut off for the rest of a trip if too many alerts are triggered.

Despite these caveats, Tesla CEO Elon Musk has long promised the imminent arrival of autonomous Tesla EVs. In October 2022, Tesla CEO Elon Musk told investors during a call that Full Self-Driving would soon allow drivers to travel, “to your work, your friend’s house, to the grocery store without you touching the wheel,” before cautioning, “we’re not saying that that’s quite ready to have no one behind the wheel.”

[Related: Tesla lawyers argued Elon Musk Autopilot statements might be manipulated with deepfake tech.]

Aside from the multiple recall alerts in recent years, the Department of Justice is also investigating whether or not Tesla and its CEO repeatedly misled investors and consumers about Autopilot’s capabilities. In a demonstration video still available on Tesla’s website, a person is shown sitting in the driver’s seat without their hands on the steering wheel as the car navigates a public road.

“The person in the driver’s seat is only there for legal reasons. He is not doing anything. The car is driving itself,” reads a video subheading.
As The Register reported earlier this week, Tesla lawyers recently responded to a separate, similar investigation by the state of California into false and misleading Autopilot claims—according to the company’s legal team, Tesla continues to operate within its First Amendment right to free speech.

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Your biological center for thought, comprehension, and learning bears some striking similarities to a data center housing rows upon rows of highly advanced processing units. But unlike those neural network data centers, the human brain runs an electrical energy budget. On average, the organ functions on roughly 12 watts of power, compared with a desktop computer’s 175 watts. For today’s advanced artificial intelligence systems, that wattage figure can easily increase into the millions.

[Related: Meet ‘anthrobots,’ tiny bio-machines built from human tracheal cells.]

Knowing this, researchers believe the development of cyborg “biocomputers” could eventually usher in a new era of high-powered intelligent systems for a comparative fraction of the energy costs. And they’re already making some huge strides towards engineering such a future.

As detailed in a new study published in Nature Electronics, a team at Indiana University has successfully grown their own nanoscale “brain organoid” in a Petri dish using human stem cells. After connecting the organoid to a silicon chip, the new biocomputer (dubbed “Brainoware”) was quickly trained to accurately recognize speech patterns, as well as perform certain complex math predictions.

As New Atlas explains, researchers treated their Brainoware as what’s known as an “adaptive living reservoir” capable of responding to electrical inputs in a “nonlinear fashion,” while also ensuring it possessed at least some memory. Simply put, the lab-grown brain cells within the silicon-organic chip function as an information transmitter capable of both receiving and transmitting electrical signals. While these feats in no way imply any kind of awareness or consciousness on Brainoware’s part, they do provide enough computational power for some interesting results.

To test out Brainoware’s capabilities, the team converted 240 audio clips of adult male Japanese speakers into electrical signals, and then sent them to the organoid chip. Within two days, the neural network system partially powered by Brainoware could accurately differentiate between the 8 speakers 78 percent of the time using just a single vowel sound.

[Related: What Pong-playing brain cells can teach us about better medicine and AI.]

Next, researchers experimented with their creation’s mathematical knowledge. After a relatively short training time, Brainoware could predict a Hénon map. While one of the most studied examples of dynamical systems exhibiting chaotic behavior, Hénon maps are a lot more complicated than simple arithmetic, to say the least.

In the end, Brainoware’s designers believe such human brain organoid chips can underpin neural network technology, and possibly do so faster, cheaper, and less energy intensive than existing options. There are still a number of hurdles—both logistical and ethical—to clear, but although general biocomputing systems may be years down the line, researchers think such advances are “likely to generate foundational insights into the mechanisms of learning, neural development and the cognitive implications of neurodegenerative diseases.”

But for now, let’s see how Brainoware can do in a game of Pong.

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America’s eight largest pharmacy providers shared customers’ prescription records to law enforcement when faced with subpoena requests, The Washington Post reported Tuesday. The news arrives amid patients’ growing privacy concerns in the wake of the Supreme Court’s 2022 overturn of Roe v. Wade.

The new look into the legal workarounds was first detailed in a letter sent by Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) and Reps. Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) and Sara Jacobs (D-CA) on December 11 to the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services.

[Related: Abortion bans are impeding medication access.]

Pharmacies can hand over detailed, potentially compromising information due to legal fine print. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations restrict patient data sharing between “covered entities” like doctor offices, hospitals, and other medical facilities—but these guidelines are looser for pharmacies. And while search warrants require a judge’s approval to serve, subpoenas do not.  

Representatives for companies including CVS, Rite Aid, Kroger, Walgreens, and Amazon Pharmacy all confirmed their policies during interviews with congressional investigators in the months following Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. Although some pharmacies require legal review of the requests, CVS, Rite Aid, and Kroger permit their staff to deliver any subpoenaed records to authorities on the spot. Per The WaPo, those three companies alone own 60,000 stores countrywide; CVS itself employees over 40,000 pharmacists.

According to the pharmacy companies, the industry giants annually receive tens of thousands of subpoenas, most often related to civil lawsuits. Information is currently unavailable regarding how many of these requests pharmacy locations were honored, as well as how many originated from law enforcement.

Given each company’s national network, patient records are often shared interstate between any pharmacy location. This could become legally fraught for medical history access within states that already have—or are working to enact—restrictive medical access laws. In an essay written for The Yale Law Journal last year, cited by WaPo, University of Connecticut associate law professor Carly Zubrzycki argued, “In the context of abortion—and other controversial forms of healthcare, like gender-affirming treatments—this means that cutting-edge legislative protections for medical records fall short.”

[Related: The dangers of digital health monitoring in a post-Roe world.]

Zubrzycki warns that, “at the absolute minimum,” patients seeking reproductive and gender-affirming healthcare “must be made aware of the risks posed by the emerging ecosystem of interoperable records.”

“To permit people to receive care under the illusion that their records cannot come back to harm them would be a grave injustice,” she wrote at the time.

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Researchers at Drexel University are experimenting with imbuing concrete with living organisms to extend the building material’s lifespan. And although the new approach is based on cutting-edge technology, the underlying engineering strategy originates within the human body.

Concrete is second only to water as the most consumed material on Earth—a particularly problematic statistic, given the enormous carbon emissions of its manufacturing process. A number of promising, green updates to the millennia-old structural material are already in the works, but another avenue to reduce concrete’s environmental impact is to extend its longevity. Depending on the surrounding environment, concrete can begin to weaken and break down barely 50 years after setting. Delaying this degradation using innate real-time repair mechanisms could offer a solid way to get more out of the material.

[Related: Dirty diapers could be recycled into cheap, sturdy concrete.]

As detailed in a new paper recently published in Construction and Building Materials, a team of engineering researchers at Drexel University have developed a new polymer “BioFiber” coated in bacteria-infused hydrogel, all within a damage-responsive casing half a millimeter thick. The BioFiber is then arranged in layers of grid patterns as concrete is poured, serving as a reinforcing additive much in the way builders have used straw or horsehair to strengthen bricks for millennia. Of course, these reinforcements can only do so much—but when the team’s BioFibers begin to falter is when they really shine.

“In our skin, our tissue [repairs] naturally through multilayer fibrous structure infused with our self-healing fluid—blood,” Amir Farnam, an associate professor in Drexel’s College of Engineering and research co-lead, said in a December 8 university profile. “These BioFibers mimic this concept and use stone-making bacteria to create damage-responsive, living, self-healing concrete.”

Inside each BioFiber is a cache of Lysinibacillus sphaericus in their dormant, endospore form. Generally found in soil, the bacteria undergoes a process known as microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation—basically, it generates a rock-like substance as it consumes its nutrients.

This could be particularly handy if the bacteria could be found near, say, a newly formed crack within a certain, popular building material. After the team’s BioFibers break under stress, water from the outside environment eventually finds its way into the concrete, where it comes into contact with the endoscopic bacteria. This then activates Lysinibacillus sphaericus, which begins to push out and up towards the surface—all while beginning its microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. That calcium carbonate then fills the cracks in question, where it hardens into ostensibly a cement scab, much when dried blood covers and protects a cut. In recent tests, the concrete “healed” itself within two days.

Although researchers still need to better understand and control the BioFiber-imbued material’s repair time, self-healing materials may one day help reduce the need for additional, climate-costly concrete.

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Getting mice to pay attention to two-dimensional screen projections of simulated surroundings can be tricky due to their tendency to notice the external lab settings around them. In a bid to get mice to focus on the experiment at hand, a team of researchers have built their own virtual reality headset sized for a mouse.

As detailed in a new study published Friday in the journal Neuron, a team of engineers at Northwestern University recently designed a VR device for mouse test subjects. By projecting potentially more realistic, immersive, natural surroundings, the team believes researchers are already able to more intricately analyze and study the rodents’ neural activity.

According to Daniel Domeck, the paper’s senior author and an associate professor at Northwestern’s school of neurobiology, researchers have used the same “VR arrays” for the past 15 years to approximate outdoor environments and other experiment settings. But even these advanced lab simulation systems for mice ostensibly only amount to surrounding the animals with computer or projection screens. In these environments, mice will often notice the exterior laboratory space, as well as the flat screens’ two-dimensional imaging.

In Northwestern’s December 8 announcement, Dombeck explained that while the 2D arrays can get the job done, “the animals aren’t as immersed as they would be in a real environment.” He continued, “it takes a lot of training just to get the mice to pay attention to the screens and ignore the lab around them.”

[Related: What’s the difference between VR, AR, and mixed reality?]

Dombeck compares this to watching a TV show while sitting on your living couch. VR Goggles like Meta Quest, however, occupy your full visual field, while separate projections for each eye create a sense of depth.

“That’s been missing for mice,” explained Dombeck. Enter: The Miniature Rodent Stereo Illumination VR, aka iMRSIV. Harnessing recent hardware miniaturization advancements, Dombeck and his collaborators combined bespoke lenses alongside tiny OLED displays custom-fit for a mouse. Each lens offers a 180-degree field-of-view that, when combined, shuts out any real world visual interferences.

Perhaps predictably, goggles on mice is easier said than done, so Dombeck’s team avoided it altogether. Instead, they designed a harness to suspend iMRSIV in just the right position in front of a mouse’s face. The mouse then runs on a treadmill to simulate movement within their VR surroundings with iMRSIV remaining static. Analyzing mouse brain mapping scans as they wore iMRSIV goggles already show promise for the new simulation alternative. Not only did their brains activate in ways much as they would in a natural environment, but the mice also engaged with their VR surroundings more quickly than during the standard 2D screen setups.

[Related: Here’s a look at Apple’s first augmented reality headset.]

“They knew where to run and looked to the right places for rewards,” Dombeck said of the mice VR experience. “We think they actually might not need as much training because they can engage with the environment in a more natural way.”

iMRSIV’s design and immersion capabilities mean that, for the first time, researchers were able to use VR to simulate an overhead threat. In this case, a dark disc shape expanded “above” the mice, prompting them to scurry faster or freeze in place—both common mouse responses in such situations. The team could then capture the test animals’ neural patterns in detail.

Given their many similarities, rodent brains are often used as stand-ins for human neurobiology research. Dombeck’s team believes that iMRSIV could allow for greater research into the effects of VR exposure on users’ brains, as well as their ability to adapt to the technology. As for the mice, don’t worry—they’ll get their day on top of the food chain, at least virtually.

“In the future, we’d like to look at situations where the mouse isn’t prey but is the predator,”  John Issa, a postdoctoral fellow in Dombeck’s lab and a study co-first author, said in Friday’s announcement. “We could watch brain activity while it chases a fly, for example. That activity involves a lot of depth perception and estimating distances. Those are things that we can start to capture.”

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Amazon is canceling its payment partnership with Venmo only a year and some change after first offering the purchasing option to users. Venmo also announced the abrupt aboutface through a brief update to its “Using Venmo on Amazon” tutorial page, citing only “recent changes” for the policy shift. Screenshots posted to the social media platform, X, indicate a December 6 email from Amazon sent to account members echoed the news.

[Related: It’s time to make your Venmo transactions private.]

In a statement provided to TechCrunch on Thursday, PayPal (Venmo’s parent company) noted users will still be able to add their Venmo debit and credit cards to pay on the site, and added that the company still has “a strong relationship with Amazon and look forward to continuing to build on it.” Venmo is already no longer included on Amazon’s list of acceptable payments.

An Amazon spokesperson also confirmed the phaseout in an email to PopSci while noting customers can “still use nearly a dozen” alternative payment options. Amazon has never integrated a PayPal option for shoppers, either, although it does support PayPay debit cards.

Amazon and PayPal first unveiled plans for the integration in November 2021, but didn’t begin to enable the feature until shortly before the 2022 holiday season. As Bloomberg notes on Thursday, PayPal alongside similar e-commerce companies have struggled in recent months due to an increasing return to in-store shopping, alongside consumers contending with overall economic inflation issues. It is still unclear if this influenced the two companies’ decision, however.

“We expect this news is simply the result of a lack of traction, as consumers failed to adopt using Pay with Venmo as their preferred checkout method,” analysts noted to Bloomberg earlier today.

[Related: Amazon to offer instant pay to workers and more loans to sellers.]

Despite the dissolution, Amazon continues to pursue in-house financial options, particularly for its employees. In September 2022, the company announced Anytime Pay, which allows workers to withdraw up to 70 percent of their earnings as soon as they accrue. Amazon also announced a partnership with Lendistry around the same time that introduced small business loan options to independent retailers.

“Whether it’s restocking household essentials or purchasing a last-minute gift, we know that Venmo users shop over two times more frequently than the average shopper and are 19 percent more likely to make repeat purchases,” Amazon said during last year’s payment feature rollout.

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Years after plans were first announced, end-to-end encryption (E2EE) is finally the default communications option for Messenger and Facebook. Meta’s security update arrives following years of mounting pressure from digital privacy rights advocates, who argue the feature is necessary to protect users’ communications.

A complete E2EE rollout will take a “number of months” due to the more than one billion users on Messenger. Once chats are upgraded, however, users will receive a notification to create a recovery method, such as a PIN, for restoring conversation archives in the event of losing, changing, or adding a device.

[Related: 7 secure messaging apps you should be using.]

Meta’s messaging services have offered E2EE as an optional setting since 2016. CEO Mark Zuckerberg voiced his desire to transition to default encryption across all Meta’s products as far back as 2019. In an announcement posted to Meta’s blog on December 6, head of Messenger Loredana Crisan wrote, “[E2EE] means that nobody, including Meta, can see what’s sent or said, unless you choose to report a message to us.”

E2EE is one of the most popular and secure cryptographic methods to integrate additional privacy within digital communications. Once enabled, only users possessing a unique, auto-generated security key can read your messages. When set up properly, it is virtually impossible for outside parties to access, including law enforcement and the app makers themselves.

[Related: Some of your everyday tech tools lack end-to-end encryption.]

Services like iMessage, Telegram, WhatsApp, and Signal have long offered E2EE as their default setting, but Meta was slow to integrate it within the company’s most widely used features. In the company’s December 6 blog post, Crisan argues the company “has taken years to deliver because we’ve taken our time to get this right.” Critics, meanwhile, chalk up the tech company’s reluctance to financial incentives, as access to users’ messages means access to vast, lucrative data troves that can be utilized for targeted advertising campaigns. People share over 1.3 billion photos and videos per day through Messenger.

“Meta just did something good—protected users from the company itself!” Caitlin Seeley George Campaigns and Managing Director at the digital privacy group, Fight for the Future, wrote in a statement on Wednesday.

In addition to the E2EE update rollout, Meta also announced forthcoming features including a 15-minute “Edit Message” window, the ability to toggle “Read” receipts, a 24-hour timespan for “Disappearing” messages, and other general updates to photo and video quality.

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On Wednesday, Google announced the arrival of Gemini, its new multimodal large language model built from the ground up by the company’s AI division, DeepMind. Among its many functions, Gemini will underpin Google Bard, which has previously struggled to emerge from the shadow of its chatbot forerunner, OpenAI’s ChatGPT.

According to a December 6 blog post from Google CEO Sundar Pichai and DeepMind co-founder and CEO Demis Hassabis, there are technically three versions of the LLM—Gemini Ultra, Pro, and Nano—meant for various applications. A “fine tuned” Gemini Pro now underpins Bard, while the Nano variant will be seen in products such as Pixel Pro smartphones. The Gemini variants will also arrive for Google Search, Ads, and Chrome in the coming months, although public access to Ultra will not become available until 2024.

Unlike many of its AI competitors, Gemini was trained to be “multimodal” from launch, meaning it can already handle both text, audio, and image-based prompts. In an accompanying video demonstration, Gemini is verbally tasked to identify what is placed in front of it (a piece of paper) and then correctly identifies a user’s sketch of a duck in real-time. Other abilities appear to include inferring what actions happen next in videos once they are paused, generating music based on visual prompts, and assessing children’s homework—often with a slightly cheeky, pun-prone personality. It’s worth noting, however, that the video description includes the disclaimer, “For the purposes of this demo, latency has been reduced and Gemini outputs have been shortened for brevity.”

In a follow-up blog post, Google confirmed Gemini only actually responded to a combination of still images and written user prompts, and that their demo video was edited to present a smoother interaction with audio capabilities.

Gemini’s accompanying technical report indicates the LLM’s most powerful iteration, Ultra, “exceeds current state-of-the-art results on 30 of the 32 widely-used academic benchmarks used in [LLM] research and development.” That said, the improvements appear somewhat modest—Gemini Ultra correctly answered multidisciplinary questions 90 percent of the time, versus ChatGPT’s 86.4 percent. Regardless of statistical hairsplitting, however, the results indicate ChatGPT may have some real competition with Gemini. 

[Related: The logic behind AI chatbots like ChatGPT is surprisingly basic.]

Unsurprisingly, Google cautioned in Wednesday’s announcement that its new star AI is far from perfect, and is still prone to the industry-wide “hallucinations” which plague the emerging technology—i.e. the LLM will occasionally randomly make up incorrect or nonsensical answers. Google also subjected Gemini to “the most comprehensive safety evaluations of any Google AI model,” per Eli Collins, Google DeepMind VP of product, speaking at the December 6 launch event. This included tasking Gemini with “real toxicity prompts,” a test developed by the Allen Institute for AI involving over 100,000 problematic inputs meant to assess a large language model’s potential political and demographic biases.

Gemini will continue to integrate into Google’s suite of products in the coming months alongside a series of closed testing phases. If all goes as planned, a Gemini Ultra-powered Bard Advanced will become available to the public sometime next year—but, as has been well established by now, the ongoing AI arms race is often difficult to forecast.

When asked if it is powered by Gemini, Bard informed PopSci it “unfortunately” does not possess access to information “about internal Google projects.”

“If you’re interested in learning more about… ‘Gemini,’ I recommend searching for information through official Google channels or contacting someone within the company who has access to such information,” Bard wrote to PopSci. “I apologize for the inconvenience and hope this information is helpful.”

UPDATE 12/08/23 11:53AM: Google published a blog post on December 6 clarifying its Gemini hands-on video, as well as the program’s multimodal capabilities. Although the demonstration may make it look like Gemini responded to moving images and voice commands, it was offered a combination of stills and written prompts by Google. The footage was then edited for latency and streamlining purposes. The text of this post has since been edited to reflect this.

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Four-legged robots like Boston Dynamics’ Spot and Cheetah owe almost all their agility to fancy footwork. While they may visually move much like their mammalian counterparts, the anatomical inspirations largely stop at their legs. In biology, however, a quadrupedal animal’s movement, flexibility, and intricate motor functions stem almost entirely from its spine. Replicating that complex system of stacked vertebrae in robots is much more difficult than the legs—but if artificial spines could be integrated into such designs, engineers could open up entirely new avenues of precise maneuverability.

[Related: A new tail accessory propels this robot dog across streams.]

Now, engineers are reportedly a few steps further towards spine-centric quadruped bots thanks to a research team’s very uncanny, rodent-inspired robot. Writing in Science Robotics on Wednesday, collaborators across Germany and China have unveiled NeRmo, a biomimetic, four-legged robot that relies on a novel motor-tendon framework to scurry its way around environments.

As far as looks go, NeRmo mirrors a mouse’s skeletal system—although the ears, although cute, are likely superfluous. The robot’s rigid front half houses its electronics systems, while its latter half functions much as an actual flexible spine would, with four lumbar and lateral joints. Artificial tendons thread through the spine as well as the robot’s elbow and knee joints allow NeRmo even more mouselike movements alongside quicker turning times. 

According to collaborators at the Technical University of Munich, University of Technology Nuremberg, and China’s Sun Yat-Sen University, NeRmo’s tendon-pulley system precludes the need for any musculature while still allowing for smooth flexion capabilities across the lateral and sagittal planes, i.e. side-to-side, and up-and-down.

To test their new design, the team ran NeRmo through a series of four experiments to demonstrate static balancing, straight-line walking, agile turning, and maze navigation. Each trial included two rounds—one with the spinal system engaged, and another with it disabled. Across the board, NeRmo performed their tasks better, faster, and more accurately when it integrated the spine into its movements.

Maze navigation, however, was NeRmo’s true shining moment. With its spine engaged, the mouse-bot completed its labyrinth runs an average of 30 percent faster than simply waddling through without spinal support.
Although still in its early stages, researchers believe further design tweaking and integration of the spinal systems into future quadruped robots could vastly improve their functionality. If NeRmo wasn’t proof enough, think of it this way—MIT’s Cheetah can gallop at 13 feet-per-second with just one actuated joint mimicking spinal flexion in the sagittal plane. NeRmo, meanwhile, has eight joints.

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When it comes to slicing into bone, three lasers are better than one. At least, that’s the thinking behind a new, partially self-guided surgical system designed by a team at Switzerland’s University of Basel.

Although medical fields like ophthalmology have employed laser tools for decades, the technology’s applications still remain off the table for many surgical procedures. This is most frequently due to safety concerns, including the potential for lasers to injure surrounding tissues beyond the targeted area, as well as a surgeon’s lack of full control over incision depth. To potentially solve these issues, laser physicists and medical experts experimented with increasing the number of lasers used in a procedure, while also allowing the system to partly monitor itself. Their results are documented in a recent issue of Laser Surgeries in Medicine.

[Related: AI brain implant surgery helped a man regain feeling in his hand.]

It’s all about collaboration. The first laser scans a surgery site while emitting a pulsed beam to cut through tissue in miniscule increments at a time. As the tissues vaporize, a spectrometer  analyzes and classifies the results using on-board memory to map the patient’s bone and soft tissue regions. From there, a second laser takes over to cut bone, but only where specifically mapped by its predecessor. Meanwhile, a third optical laser measures incisions in real-time to ensure the exact depth of cuts.

Using pig legs acquired from a nearby supplier, researchers determined their laser trifecta accurately performed the surgical assignments down to fractions of a millimeter, and nearly as fast as the standard methods in use today. What’s more, it did it all sans steady human hands.

“The special thing about our system is that it controls itself without human interference,” laser physicist Ferda Canbaz said in a University of Basel’s profile on December 5.

The system’s benefits extend further than simply getting the job done. The lasers’ smaller, extremely localized incisions could allow tissue to heal faster and reduce scarring in the long run. The precise cutting abilities also allow for shaping certain geometries that existing tools cannot accomplish. From a purely logistical standpoint, less physical interaction between surgeons and patients could also reduce risks of infections or similar postsurgical complications.

Researchers hope such intricate angling could one day enable bone implants to physically interlock with a patient’s existing bone, potentially even without needing bone cement. There might even come a time when similar laser arrays could not only identify tumors, but subsequently remove them with extremely minimal surrounding tissue injury.

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In case any readers need reminding: please do not intentionally crash your small prop plane into a national forest for the social media likes. If you somehow still choose to abandon commonsense in the hopes of gaining an ad sponsorship, at the very least, do not lie to the National Transportation Safety Board about your stunt. And, if absolutely nothing else, definitely do not treat your plane’s wreckage like you’re covering up a murder scene. You will probably go to prison.

Case in point: Trevor Jacob, a 30-year-old online YouTuber sentenced on Monday to six months in prison in the ensuing aftermath of his 12-minute YouTube video, “I Crashed My Airplane.”

News of Jacob’s punishment arrived in a Monday Department of Justice announcement, via The Verge. The “experienced pilot, skydiver, and former Olympic athlete” first uploaded his video-turned-felonious evidence to the platform on December 23, 2021. The footage, taken from multiple video cameras mounted to his single-prop Taylorcraft BL-65 and a camera attached to a selfie stick, shows Jacob abandoning his flight midair due to an alleged power failure (later revealed to be false) and unfurling a parachute above California’s Los Padres National Forest near Santa Maria. Jacob captures brief shots of the plane’s uncontrolled descent as he floats to the ground, while onboard cameras record the subsequent crash landing in dry brush within the federally protected area.

Jacob only informed the NTSB of the crash two days later, at which time the agency told Jacob to preserve the wreckage and provide coordinates to its location—neither of which he did, says the DOJ.

Jacob instead “lied to investigators” for weeks, claiming he could not find the crash site. Meanwhile, he and a conspirator flew a helicopter back to the plane’s remains, strapped the wreckage to it, and traveled back to Rancho Sisquoc in Santa Barbara County. Once there, they transferred the evidence into a trailer attached to Jacob’s truck, drove to Lompoc City Airport hangar, and proceeded to break down the debris over the ensuing days.

[Related: Influencer fined for hitting golf ball into the Grand Canyon.]

“[Jacob] deposited the detached parts of the wrecked airplane into trash bins at the airport and elsewhere… with the intent to obstruct federal authorities,” reads a portion of the DOJ announcement.

Nearly a month to the day after the stunt, Jacob uploaded their “I Crashed My Airplane” video to YouTube, which included clear scenes of Jacob traveling to the wreckage site reportedly 20 minutes after parachuting to the ground. “I Crashed My Plane” also satisfied the conditions of a prior sponsorship deal according to the DOJ, which stipulated Jacob would promote a wallet company’s products within an upcoming video post.

Jacob continued to maintain his innocence in a January 2022 statement to the Federal Aviation Administration, claiming the doomed flight was intended to spread the ashes of his deceased friend, Johnny Strange, over the Sierra Nevada mountains. Strange died in 2015 during a BASE jumping accident.

Although initially facing up to 20 years in prison, Jacob received his six month sentence after pleading guilty in April to one count of destruction and concealment with the intent to obstruct a federal investigation. Any opportunities to carry out similar airplane antics are unlikely once he is released—the FAA revoked the ninth-place 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics snowboarder’s private pilot license in April 2022 during its own investigation.

“During this flight, you opened the left side pilot door before you claimed the engine had failed,” the FAA wrote at the time.

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A data hack affecting 23andMe users is reportedly far more severe than what representatives first admitted to earlier this year. Although initially reported to affect less than one percent of users, additional datasets assessments confirmed by a company spokesperson over the weekend indicate as many as half of all 23andMe accounts could be involved in the security breach.

[Related: The Opt-Out: 5 reasons to skip at-home genetic testing.]

Back in October, the popular genetic testing company revealed hackers had gained access to the personal information of a portion of users—such as names, birth years, familial relationships, DNA info, ancestry reports, self-reported locations, and DNA data. 23andMe claims the breach was most likely the result of brute force attacks. In such instances, malicious actors take advantage of a customer’s previously leaked login information, usually repeated passwords and usernames used across multiple internet accounts. 23andMe would not offer concrete numbers for nearly another two months—on December 1, new Securities and Exchange Commission revealed the company estimated only 0.1 percent of users, or roughly 14,000 customers, were directly affected. In the same documents, however, 23andMe also admitted a “significant number” of other users’ ancestry information may have been also tangentially included in the leak.

Over the weekend, TechCrunch speaking with 23andMe officials confirmed the final tally of data breach victims: roughly 6.9 million users, or about half of all accounts.

Those users include an estimated 5.5 million people who previously opted into the service’s DNA Relatives feature, which allows automatic sharing of some personal data between users. In addition to those customers, hackers stole Family Tree profile data from another 1.4 million people who also used the DNA Relatives feature. The increase in victim estimates allegedly stems from the DNA Relatives feature allowing hackers to not only see a compromised user’s information, but the information of all their listed relatives.

[Related: Why government agencies keep getting hacked.]

And while the hacking incidents were first publicly announced in October, evidence suggests the breaches occurred as much as two months earlier. At that time, one user on a popular hacking forum offered over 300 terabytes of alleged 23andMe profile data in exchange for $50 million, or between $1,000 and $5,000 for small portions of the cache.

On a separate hacking forum in October, another user announced their possession of alleged data for 1 million users of Ashkenazi Jewish descent alongside 100,000 Chinese accounts—interested parties could purchase the information for between $1 and $10 an account.

23andMe, alongside genetic testing companies such as MyHeritage and Ancestry, have instituted mandatory two-factor authentication methods for all accounts since the breach’s October confirmation.

UPDATE 12/7/23 2:06PM: This article has been edited to more accurately reflect certain details of the data breach.

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Japan and the European Union have officially inaugurated testing at the world’s largest experimental nuclear fusion plant. Located roughly 85 miles north of Tokyo, the six-story, JT-60SA “tokamak” facility heats plasma to 200 million degrees Celsius (around 360 million Fahrenheit) within its circular, magnetically insulated reactor. Although JT-60SA first powered up during a test run back in October, the partner governments’ December 1 announcement marks the official start of operations at the world’s biggest fusion center, reaffirming a “long-standing cooperation in the field of fusion energy.”

The tokamak—an acronym of the Russian-language designation of “toroidal chamber with magnetic coils”—has led researchers’ push towards achieving the “Holy Grail” of sustainable green energy production for decades. Often described as a large hollow donut, a tokamak is filled with gaseous hydrogen fuel that is then spun at immense high speeds using powerful magnetic coil encasements. When all goes as planned, intense force ionizes atoms to form helium plasma, much like how the sun produces its energy.

[Related: How a US lab created energy with fusion—again.]

Speaking at the inauguration event, EU energy commissioner Kadri Simson referred to the JT-60SA as “the most advanced tokamak in the world,” representing “a milestone for fusion history.”

“Fusion has the potential to become a key component for energy mix in the second half of this century,” she continued.

But even if such a revolutionary milestone is crossed, it likely won’t be at JT-60SA. Along with its still-in-construction sibling, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in Europe, the projects are intended solely to demonstrate scalable fusion’s feasibility. Current hopes estimate ITER’s operational start for sometime in 2025, although the undertaking has been fraught with financial, logistical, and construction issues since its groundbreaking back in 2011.

Experts alongside Simson believe creating sustainable nuclear fusion would mark a revolutionary moment that could ensure an emissionless, renewable energy future. Making the power source a feasible reality, however, is fraught with technological and economic hurdles. Researchers have chased this goal for a long time: The world’s first experimental tokamak was built back in 1958 by the USSR.

While researchers can now generate fusion energy at multiple facilities around the world, it is usually at a net loss. By advancing the technology further at facilities like JT-60SA, however, industry experts think that it is only a matter of time until fusion reactors regularly achieve net energy production gains.

[Related: Colorado is getting a state-of-the-art laser fusion facility.]

In the meantime, another possible road to fusion energy is making its own promising gains. Earlier this year, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Northern California’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory achieved a net energy gain for the second time using what’s the inertial confinement fusion method. In this process, a high-powered laser is split into 192 beams that then hit a capsule containing a pellet of tritium and deuterium. The resultant X-rays generate pressure and temperatures that then initiate fusion.

No matter which process—be it tokamak reactors or ICF lasers—a successful nuclear fusion facility could play a major role in finally shifting humanity away from fossil fuels.

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A research team from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology recently designed and built their own swimming robot modeled on oceanic eels. Despite its relatively simple design, the bot’s award-winning underwater undulations could provide key insights into its eel inspirations’ biology.

As New Scientist first highlighted on November 30, a video showcase of the collaborators’ work. The clip highlights the abilities of 1-guilla, the team’s nearly three-foot-long, waterproof robot. Featuring eight motorized segments, a malleable tail fin, as well as a head piece containing its frontal battery and computational unit, 1-guilla was named in honor of the more technical term for an eel’s body—anguilliform. The video of the machine’s aquatic journeys recently took home a Gallery of Fluid Motion award during last month’s annual American Physical Society’s Division of Fluid Dynamics.

While anguilliform evolutionary design allows flesh-and-blood eels to migrate thousands of miles without eating, biologists are not fully sure how the fish subspecies accomplishes such a feat. Enter 1-guilla, whose body movements could be tinkered with by its designers to explore various physical patterns, as well as the interplay between energy efficiency and a speed

During testing, a “standing wave” motion occurred when 1-guilla repeatedly alternated between an S-shape and its original, straight position—only to thrash about in the water. Researchers then programmed 1-guilla to undulate so an S-shape traveled down its body. During this phase, the robot created a “traveling wave” motion allowing it to move forward. Increasing the “amplitude” of its body bending alongside lengthening its S-shape “wavelength” also led to a speedier swim.

But the main influence in how quickly 1-guilla could move through water is its tailfin. Increasing the tail’s angle to its maximum 45-degree range offered the most speed—but at a steep cost. Maximum range, perhaps predictably, requires maximum energy usage, which isn’t exactly a winning strategy for traveling long distances.

[Related: NASA hopes its snake robot can search for alien life on Saturn’s moon Enceladus.]

“To calculate efficiency, the motor’s power consumption (P) is divided by its speed (U) to get the Cost of Transport (CoT),” the team explains in its demonstration video.

The more 1-guilla’s motions resembled traveling waves, the lower its cost of transport. Knowing this, the researchers hypothesize that overall efficiency, not the fastest speed possible, is the key to an actual eel’s lengthy migration while on a comparatively empty stomach.

Serpentine robots are all the rage right now. NASA, for example, is putting the final touches on its aptly named Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor (EELS) prototype. Ostensibly 1-guilla’s 16-foot-long, 200-pound bigger sibling, EELS could one day find itself traversing both the surface and underground passageways on Saturn’s icy, possibly life-hosting moon, Enceladus. Meanwhile, MIT engineers recently unveiled their own three-foot-long, modular eel-bot made from simple lattice-like structures known as “voxels.”

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Tesla’s stainless steel Cybertruck made its limited debut on Thursday afternoon, roughly two years later than its initial estimated release date. To celebrate, Elon Musk hosted a livestreamed delivery event at his company’s Giga Texas factory. 

Before Tesla’s CEO took the stage, pre-taped footage shown during the launch event included the Cybertruck traversing a variety of off-road vistas including a snowscape and sepia-filtered desert, idling in front of a cinematic sunset (or sunrise), towing SpaceX rocket parts, dramatically driving in circles, and being riddled with machine gun bullets. Later, per Newsweek, Musk told the audience, “In movies you sometimes see the hero or heroine hiding behind the car door while being shot with bullets. That doesn’t actually work unless you’re driving a Cybertruck. So, if Al Capone showed up with a Tommy gun and emptied the entire magazine into the car door, you would still be alive.”

The CEO delivered brief remarks before escorting the first 30 owners into their new electric vehicles, occasionally seeming to struggle with the handleless passenger side doors as smiling owners entered their new sharp-edged EVs. “It’s not just some grandstanding showpiece like me. It’s actually very useful,” Musk promised as the camera appeared to struggle to remain focused on the afternoon’s emcee. “How tough is your truck?” Musk rhetorically asked unnamed, rival carmakers, speaking into the direction of the audience. The challenge drew an enthusiastic response from dozens of attendees. Later, Musk repeatedly stressed the new, angular truck’s utility and durability.

During the Cybertruck’s official unveiling four years’ ago, Tesla vehicle designer Franz von Holzhausen hurled metal balls at a prototype to illustrate the EV’s “Armor Glass” enhancement, causing the driver side windows to shatter. Von Holzhausen demonstrated a similar exercise on Thursday afternoon, tossing a baseball at the Cybertruck twice. The windows did not appear to break this time.

[Related: Elon Musk says ‘we dug our own grave with Cybertruck’ ahead of its November release.]

“Here at Tesla we have the finest in apocalypse technology,” Musk declared to his excited fans at one point. Additional sizzle reel clips also highlighted the Cybertruck’s acceleration and towing capabilities. It apparently can outrace a 2023 Porsche 911 while towing an identical luxury vehicle for at least a quarter-mile.

“Experts said it was impossible,” Musk recounted of the Cybertruck’s design phase. Previously, critics have repeatedly voiced concerns about the Cybertruck’s potential safety issues and reports of numerous production woes allegedly costing Tesla billions of dollars. During an October 2023 earnings call, Musk cautioned shareholders and customers to “temper expectations” about Cybertruck’s initial profitability, adding that, “we dug our own grave with Cybertruck.” But here it finally was. 

Several tweets following the one containing yesterday’s livestream declared, “CAN’T WAIT! It’s basically the most badass car [that] ever existed! ❤️‍🔥🫶” and “LFG!!! Hope I can afford one.🤞🏻”

When first announced in 2019, Tesla’s website briefly listed the Cybertruck’s estimated starting price as $39,990 before removing the amount. Now, its base model officially costs $60,990.

“It’s going to be amazing to see all these cars driving around,” Musk said near his presentation’s end as the 30 vehicles departed the showroom. “This is really going to change the look of the roads.”

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Xenobots—a new classification of robots built from biological cells—evolved from theory to reality in only a few short years. Not long after first proposing the concept, researchers successfully harvested material from frog embryos to create their first multicellular biobots in 2020. From the outset, their xenobots could move, record data, collect materials, heal themselves, and even replicate for a few generations before naturally decomposing.

[Related: Meet xenobots, tiny machines made out of living parts.]

Unlike the typical image of a robot built with electronics and other metal components, bioorganic robots often combine genetically altered or guided cells into a form that does not naturally occur within their source bodies. At first, the team didn’t know if they would be able to adapt their methods for any species other than their amphibian-derived xenobots. The answer to their question is already here: researchers have now advanced to “anthrobots”—biological machines derived from human tracheal cells.

As detailed in a new study published Thursday in Advanced Science, anthrobots not only can be constructed from adult human cells without the need for any genetic modification, but they are already proving more medically promising than their xenobot forebears.

“We wanted to probe what cells can do besides create default features in the body,” PhD candidate and study co-author Gizem Gumuskaya explained in a November 30 announcement. “By reprogramming interactions between cells, new multicellular structures can be created, analogous to the way stone and brick can be arranged into different structural elements like walls, archways, or columns.”

[Related: Robots built from frog cells have unlocked the ability to self-replicate.]

According to the November 30 announcement, shaping xenobots required the laborious use of tweezers and scalpels. Anthrobots, by contrast, are able to self-assemble in lab dish environments, and are sourced from adults instead of embryonic cells.

The anthrobots each started as a single, donated tracheal cells covered in armlike cilia responsible for sweeping particles from lung airways. Researchers engineered cellular growth in a lab setting, which in previous studies has been shown to randomly result in the creation of spherical structures known as organoids. These organoids were then carefully conditioned to form exterior-facing cilia to function as paddles for movement. Using variants of tracheal cells offered an array of anthrobot abilities, such as being able to help build additional engineered tissues. Combining multiple organoids into a single structure created large clusters dubbed “superbots” by the researchers.

But of all an anthrobot’s features, its most promising is one that took its engineers by surprise. When passing over a layer of additional human neurons grown within the lab petri dish, the anthrobots scratched their surfaces and encouraged new growth.

“It is fascinating and completely unexpected that normal patient tracheal cells, without modifying their DNA, can move on their own and encourage neuron growth across a region of damage,” said study co-author Michael Levin, a Tufts University professor of biology who previously helped design xenobots, in Thursday’s announcement. “We’re now looking at how the healing mechanism works, and asking what else these constructs can do.”

As researchers gain a better understanding of their anthrobots’ functions and potential, the team believes the bio-machines could be deployed across a wide range of scenarios. A swarm of anthrobots could hypothetically repair spinal or retinal nerve damage, identify cancerous cell growths, or apply drugs to specific areas of the body.

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The first 60 minutes following a traumatic brain injury such as concussion are often referred to as a patient’s “golden hour.” Identifying and diagnosing the head trauma’s severity within this narrow time frame can be crucial in implementing treatment, preventing further harm, and even saving someone’s life. Unfortunately, this can be more difficult than it may seem, since symptoms often only present themselves hours or days following an accident. Even when symptoms are quickly recognizable, first responders need to confirm them and access to CT and MRI scans is often needed, which is only available at hospitals that can be from the scene of the injury.

[Related: When to worry about a concussion.]

To clear this immense hurdle, a team at UK’s University of Birmingham set out to design a tool capable of quickly and accurately assessing potential TBI incidents. Their resulting prototype, that fits in the palm of a hand, has detected TBI issues within postmortem animal samples. As detailed in a new paper published in Science Advances, a new, lightweight tool developed by the team combines a smartphone, a safe-to-use laser dubbed EyeD, and a Raman spectroscopy system to assess the structural and biochemical health of an eye—specifically the area housing the optical nerve and neuroretina. Both optic nerve and brain biomarkers function within an extremely intricate, precise balance, so even the subtlest changes within an eye’s molecular makeup can indicate telltale signs of TBI.

After focusing their device towards the back of the eye, EyeD’s smartphone camera issues an LED flash. The light passes through a beam splitter while boosted by an accompanying input laser, and then travels through another mirror while refracted by the spectrometer. This offers a view of various lipid and protein biomarkers sharing identical biological information as those within the brain. The readings are then fed into a neural network program to aid in rapidly classifying TBI and non-TBI examples.

The team first tested EyeD on what’s known as a “phantom eye,” an artificial approximation of the organ often used during the development and testing of retinal imaging technology. After confirming EyeD’s ability to align and focus on the back of an eye, researchers moved onto clinical testing using postmortem pig eye tissue.

Although the tool currently only exists as a proof-of-concept, researchers are ready to begin assessing clinical feasibility and efficacy studies, then move on to real world human testing. If all goes as planned, EyeD devices could soon find their way into the hands of emergency responders, where they can dramatically shorten TBI diagnosis time gaps.

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Google’s first-of-its-kind geothermal power plant is now fully operational in Nevada, marking a major moment in the company’s overall goal to power its office campuses and data centers using carbon-free energy by 2030. Built in partnership with the green energy startup Fervo, the facility feeds clean electricity into a local grid connected to the tech company’s Google Cloud operations in Las Vegas, as well as data centers in Henderson and Reno.

[Related: An American start-up claims it just set a geothermal energy record.]

According to a November 28 announcement, Fervo’s geothermal energy procurement differs from traditional methods through its reliance on drilling techniques developed within the oil and gas industry. Known as an enhanced geothermal system (EGS), Fervo first drilled a pair of 7,700 feet deep wells into a gas reservoir before connecting them through nearly mile-long horizontal pipes. Fluid pumped into the reservoir then heats the underground region as high as 376 degrees Fahrenheit. Steam then travels to aboveground turbines, which generate clean electricity. During the entire procedure, fiber optic wiring within the wells provides real-time performance monitoring. 

Fervo successfully completed an industry-standard 30-day trial run over the summer at its Project Red commercial pilot site in Nevada. At the time, the geothermal plant produced 3.5 megawatts of sustained power—enough to power roughly 2,600 homes. Now, that same energy will help keep the lights on at a handful of Google’s local, resource-devouring data centers.

Geothermal production is an increasingly attractive alternative power source to other sustainable industries such as wind and solar, since it is capable of providing around the clock energy regardless of time or weather conditions. According to the US Department of Energy, the country rests above enough geothermal reserves to theoretically power the entire world—yet geothermal energy supplied roughly 0.4 percent of all US energy in 2022. Federal regulators estimate up to 120 gigawatts of geothermal energy could come online within the US by 2050, enough for about 15 percent of the country’s anticipated electricity needs.

[Related: How Google Search is helping ‘greenwash’ oil companies.]

Google first pledged carbon neutrality in 2007, and continues to pursue its ambitious goal of carbon-free power at all its office campuses and data centers by 2030. Such a feat remains a massive undertaking—current geothermal kilowatt-per-hour costs are about 90 percent more expensive than the Department of Energy’s current goal of $45/kWh by 2035. Over the summer, Fervo CEO Tim Latimer described the Nevada facility’s production costs as “significantly” higher than the DOE goal, but expects the price to significantly lower in the coming years as the technology scales. Fervo clearly wants to help with that scaling—the company is currently working on a 400 megawatt geothermal facility located in Utah scheduled to go online in 2026.

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Reducing damaging “ultra-emission” methane leaks could soon become much easier–thanks to a new, open-source tool that combines machine learning and orbital data from multiple satellites, including one attached to the International Space Station.

Methane emissions originate anywhere food and plant matter decompose without oxygen, such as marshes, landfills, fossil fuel plants—and yes, cow farms. They are also infamous for their dramatic effect on air quality. Although capable of lingering in the atmosphere for just 7 to 12 years compared to CO2’s centuries-long lifespan, the gas is still an estimated 80 times more effective at retaining heat. Immediately reducing its production is integral to stave off climate collapse’s most dire short-term consequences—cutting emissions by 45 percent by 2030, for example, could shave off around 0.3 degrees Celsius from the planet’s rising temperature average over the next twenty years.

[Related: Turkmenistan’s gas fields emit loads of methane.]

Unfortunately, it’s often difficult for aerial imaging to precisely map real time concentrations of methane emissions. For one thing, plumes from so-called “ultra-emission” events like oil rig and natural gas pipeline malfunctions (see: Turkmenistan) are invisible to human eyes, as well as most satellites’ multispectral near-infrared wavelength sensors. And what aerial data is collected is often thrown off by spectral noise, requiring manual parsing to accurately locate the methane leaks.

A University of Oxford team working alongside Trillium Technologies’ NIO.space has developed a new, open-source tool powered by machine learning that can identify methane clouds using much narrower hyperspectral bands of satellite imaging data. These bands, while more specific, produce much more vast quantities of data—which is where artificial intelligence training comes in handy.

The project is detailed in new research published in Nature Scientific Reports by a team at the University of Oxford, alongside a recent university profile. To train their model, engineers fed it a total of 167,825 hyperspectral image tiles—each roughly 0.66 square miles—generated by NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) satellite while orbiting the Four Corners region of the US. The model was subsequently trained using additional orbital monitors, including NASA’s hyperspectral EMIT sensor currently aboard the International Space Station.

The team’s current model is roughly 21.5 percent more accurate at identifying methane plumes than the existing top tool, while simultaneously providing nearly 42 percent fewer false detection errors compared to the same industry standard. According to researchers, there’s no reason to believe those numbers won’t improve over time.

[Related: New satellites can pinpoint methane leaks to help us beat climate change.]

“What makes this research particularly exciting and relevant is the fact that many more hyperspectral satellites are due to be deployed in the coming years, including from ESA, NASA, and the private sector,” Vít Růžička, lead researcher and a University of Oxford doctoral candidate in the department of computer science, said during a recent university profile. As this satellite network expands, Růžička believes researchers and environmental watchdogs will soon gain an ability to automatically, accurately detect methane plume events anywhere in the world.

These new techniques could soon enable independent, globally-collaborated identification of greenhouse gas production and leakage issues—not just for methane, but many other major pollutants. The tool currently utilizes already collected geospatial data, and is not able to currently provide real-time analysis using orbital satellite sensors. In the University of Oxford’s recent announcement, however, research project supervisor Andrew Markham adds that the team’s long-term goal is to run their programs through satellites’ onboard computers, thus “making instant detection a reality.”

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The end is nigh for many Google accounts. Beginning on December 1, “inactive” accounts that haven’t been logged into within the last two years will begin disappearing as part of a purge announced by the company back in May. This means any unused accounts’ emails, photos, videos, and documents spread across Google products like Gmail, Docs, Drive, Calendar, Meet, and Photos could disappear as soon as this weekend.

That said, the move shouldn’t come as a surprise. Since revealing its plans earlier this year, Google says it sent multiple notifications to applicable users, both to any account’s Gmail address, as well as any available associated recovery emails.

[Related: The US antitrust trial against Google is in full swing. Here’s what’s at stake.]

The reasoning behind trashing unused accounts is, simply put, security. According to Google, bad actors are as much as 10 times more likely to gain access to abandoned accounts than active accounts utilizing protective measures like 2-step-verification. Once compromised, the hijacked accounts can be then harnessed to send malware, spam, and even aid in identity theft.

Google won’t slash its list of inactive accounts in one fell swoop, however. First up will be any accounts that were never used after being created, followed by a phased approach to tackle the rest “slowly and carefully,” according to the May announcement.

To spare your rarely-if-ever used account from the culling, all users need to do is simply sign in at least once before December 1. That’s enough to reset Google’s activity threshold, and stave off an automatic deletion. Using Gmail, accessing Google Drive, watching YouTube videos while logged in, or even signing into a third-party app using your Google Account all count as activity, as well.

Currently, the purge only concerns personal Google accounts. School, work, and official organizational accounts are not in danger come December 1, as well as those accounts with linked, active subscription plans set up through news outlets or apps. Google also does not currently plan to delete any accounts hosting YouTube videos, either.

[Related: How to back up and protect all your precious data.]

If nothing else, the mass deletion campaign can serve as a helpful reminder to log into old accounts, update passwords, establish two-factor authentication protocols, and download backups of any old uploaded content or data. The easiest way is to head over to the Google Takeout page and follow its instructions for exporting data.

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Etsy creators, Poshmark sellers, and side hustlers in general are receiving a Thanksgiving pardon from the IRS and its latest guidelines pertaining to digital sales and payment platforms. The new, drastically lowered $600 threshold to receive a tax reporting form from third-party settlement organizations such as Venmo and PayPal is delayed yet again.

First announced as part of the Biden administration’s 2021 American Rescue Plan, the regulation previously scheduled for the 2023 tax season substantially reduced the Form 1099-K benchmark for third party commerce service providers. Previously, those forms were only issued to people with more than 200 transactions or $20,000 in total profits. The new rules would drop the requirement down to just $600 in profit. The majority of such commerce is facilitated by services like the aforementioned Venmo and PayPal, as well as Square and Zelle. Ensuing backlash from lawmakers, tax filing companies, and the public eventually caused the IRS to issue its first delay in December 2022.

On Tuesday, the IRS conceded the estimated 44 million pending Form 1099-K’s could result in unnecessary “potential confusion” this year for “many taxpayers who wouldn’t expect one and may not have a tax obligation.”

“We spent many months gathering feedback from third party groups and others, and it became increasingly clear we need additional time to effectively implement the new reporting requirements,” IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel said in Tuesday’s announcement. “It’s clear that an additional delay for tax year 2023 will avoid problems for taxpayers, tax professionals and others in this area.”

[Related: How to avoid tax season stress.]

The government’s newest pause comes alongside a more detailed, transitional plan before the $600 limit goes into effect in 2025. The 200 transaction, $20,000 profit margin will lower to $5,000 for tax year 2024, although the IRS did not specify the number of transactions in its November 21 statement. The originally intended $600 limit will finally move into place the following year. The IRS also revealed new plans to update and simplify the existing Form 1099-K “to make the reporting process easier.” Basically, you won’t receive an official tax form for upselling thrift store finds in your spare time until early 2026—and when you do, it should hypothetically be less of a headache.

Although all this really just boils down to delaying the inevitable, the US government is also forging ahead with ways to make tax filing both simpler, and potentially cheaper. The upcoming 2024 filing season will finally see the long-awaited IRS free federal direct tax filing pilot program for certain eligible citizens in 13 participating states. The no-cost option is intended to eventually become nationally available as an alternative to third-party filing services like Intuit TurboTax and H&R Block. Such companies have come under increasing regulatory scrutiny in recent years for allegedly predatory practices, deceptive advertising, and privacy concerns.

As for those of you with extremely lucrative side gigs—sorry, the $20,000 limit will remain in place for 2024. While third party services usually automatically generate forms for anyone exceeding the IRS 1099-K threshold, that’s not the case for everyone else. Meanwhile, the IRS also reminded the public that business income has always been taxable, and it’s still up to Americans to report such profits even if they don’t receive a Form 1099-K. Do with that information what you will.

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Apart from their nasty stings, army ant colonies are often known for their stunning, intricate architectural feats using their own bodies. When worker ant hunting parties encounter obstacles such as fallen tree branches, gaps in foliage, or small streams, the tiny insects will join forces to create a bridge for the remaining ant brethren to traverse. It’s as impressive as it is somewhat disconcerting—these are living, crawling buildings, after all. But one research team isn’t studying the coordination between miniscule bugs to benefit future construction projects; they are looking into how army ant teamwork could be mimicked by robots.

“Army ants create structures using decentralized collective intelligence processes,” Isabella Muratore, a postdoctoral researcher at the New Jersey Institute of Technology specializing in army ant building techniques, explains to PopSci over email. “This means that each ant follows a set of rules about how to behave based on sensory input and this leads to the creation of architectural forms without the need for any prior planning or commands from a leader.”

[Related: These robots reached a team consensus like a swarm of bees.]

Along with engineers from NJIT and Northwestern University, Muratore and her entomologist colleagues developed a series of tests meant to gauge army ant workers’ reactions and logistical responses to environmental impediments. After placing obstacles in the ants’ forest paths, Muratore filmed and later analyzed the herds’ subsequent adaptations to continue along their routes. Utilizing prior modeling work, the team also tested whether the ant bridges could withstand sudden, small changes in obstacle length using an adjustable spacing device.

Muratore and others recently presented their findings at this year’s annual Entomological Society of America conference. According to their observations, army ants generally choose to construct bridges in the most efficient locations—places wide enough to necessitate a building project while simultaneously using the least number of ants possible. The number of bridges needed during a sojourn also influences the ants’ collective decisions on resource allocation.

David Hu, a Georgia Institute of Technology engineering professor focused on fire ant raft constructions during flooding, recently likened the insects to neurons in one big, creepy-crawly brain while speaking to NPR on the subject. Instead of individual ants determining bridge dimensions and locations, each ant contributes to the decisions in their own small way.

[Related: Robot jellyfish swarms could soon help clean the oceans of plastic.]

Muratore and her collaborators believe an army ant’s collaborative capabilities could soon help engineers program swarms of robots based on the insect’s behavior principles and brains. Ants vary across species, but they still can pack a surprising amount of information within their roughly 1.1 microliter volume brains.

Replicating that brainpower requires relatively low energy costs. Scaling it across a multitude of robots could remain comparatively cheap, while exponentially increasing their functionality. This could allow them to “flexibly adapt to a variety of challenges, such as linking together to form bridges over gaps of different lengths in the most efficient manner possible,” Muratore writes to PopSci.
Robotic teamwork is crucial to implement the machines across a number of industries and scenarios, from outer space exploration, to ocean cleanup projects, to search-and-rescue efforts in areas too dangerous for humans to access. In these instances, coordinating quickly and efficiently not only saves time and energy, it could save lives.

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Sam Altman is CEO of OpenAI once again. The return of the influential AI startup’s co-founder caps a chaotic four-days that saw two replacement CEOs, Altman’s potential transition to Microsoft, and threats of mass resignation from nearly all of the company’s employees. Altman’s return to OpenAI will coincide with a shakeup within the company’s nonprofit arm board of directors.

Silicon Valley’s pre-Thanksgiving saga started on November 17, when OpenAI’s board suddenly announced Altman’s departure after alleging the 38-year-old entrepreneur “was not consistently candid in his communications with the board, hindering its ability to exercise its responsibilities.”

The move shocked not only shocked industry insiders and investors, but executive-level employees at the company, as well. OpenAI’s president Greg Brockman announced his resignation less than three hours after news broke, while the startup’s chief operating officer described his surprise in a November 18 internal memo.

“We can say definitively that the board’s decision was not made in response to malfeasance or anything related to our financial, business, safety, or security/privacy practices,” he wrote at the time.

A flurry of breathless headlines ensued, naming first one, then another CEO replacement as rumors began circulating that Altman would join Microsoft as the CEO of its new AI development team. Microsoft previously invested over $13 billion, and relies on the company’s tech to power its growing suite of AI-integrated products.

Just after midnight on November 22, however, Altman posted to X his intention to return to OpenAI alongside a reorganized board of directors that will include previous members such former White House adviser and Harvard University President Larry Summers, as well as former Quora CEO and early Facebook employee Adam D’Angelo. This is just what happened. Entrepreneur Tasha McCauley, OpenAI chief scientist Ilya Sutskever, and director of strategy and foundational research grants at Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology Helen Toner are no longer board members.

[Related: Big Tech’s latest AI doomsday warning might be more of the same hype.]

“[E]verything i’ve [sic] done over the past few days has been in service of keep this team and its mission together,” Altman wrote on the social media platform owned by former OpenAI executive Elon Musk. Altman added he looks forward to returning and “building on our strong partnership” with Microsoft.

Although concrete explanations behind the attempted corporate coup remain unconfirmed, it appears members of the previous board believed Altman was “pushing too far, too fast” in their overall goal to create a safe artificial general intelligence (AGI), a term referring to AI that is comparable to, or exceeds, human capacities. Many of AI’s biggest players believe it is their ethical duty to steer the technology towards a future that benefits humanity instead of ending it. Critics have voiced multiple, repeated concerns over Silicon Valley’s approach, ethos, and rationality.

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After three years of construction and limited operations, the next-generation Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center production facility in Singapore is officially online and fully functioning. Announced on November 20, the 935,380-square-foot, seven-floor facility relies on 200 robots to handle over 60 percent of all “repetitive and laborious” responsibilities, allowing human employees to focus on “more creative and productive duties,” according to the company.

In a key departure from traditional conveyor-belt factories, HMGIC centers on what the South Korean vehicle manufacturer calls a “cell-based production system” alongside a “digital twin Meta-Factory.” Instead of siloed responsibilities for automated machinery and human workers, the two often cooperate using technology such as virtual and augmented reality. As Hyundai explains, while employees simulate production tasks in a digital space using VR/AR, for example, robots will physically move, inspect, and assemble various vehicle components.

[Related: Everything we love about Hyundai’s newest EV.]

By combining robotics, AI, and the Internet of Things, Hyundai believes the HMGIC can offer a “human-centric manufacturing innovation system,” Alpesh Patel, VP and Head of the factory’s Technology Innovation Group, said in Monday’s announcement. 

Atop the HMGIC building is an over 2000-feet-long vehicle test track, as well as a robotically assisted “Smart Farm” capable of growing up to nine different crops. While a car factory vegetable garden may sound somewhat odd, it actually compliments the Singapore government’s ongoing “30 by 30” initiative.

Due to the region’s rocky geology, Singapore can only utilize about one percent of its land for agriculture—an estimated 90 percent of all food in the area must be imported. Announced in 2022, Singapore’s 30 by 30 program aims to boost local self-sufficiency by increasing domestic yields to 30 percent of all consumables by the decade’s end using a combination of sustainable urban growth methods. According to Hyundai’s announcement, the HMGICS Smart Farm is meant to showcase farm productivity within compact settings—while also offering visitors some of its harvested crops. The rest of the produce will be donated to local communities, as well as featured on the menu at a new Smart Farm-to-table restaurant scheduled to open at the HMGICS in spring 2024.

[Related: Controversial ‘robotaxi’ startup loses CEO.]

HMGICS is expected to produce up to 30,000 electric vehicles annually, and currently focuses on the IONIQ 5, as well as its autonomous robotaxi variant. Beginning in 2024, the facility will also produce Hyundai’s IONIQ 6. If all goes according to plan, the HMGICS will be just one of multiple cell-based production system centers.

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Rogue monster waves, once believed extremely rare, are now statistically confirmed to occur “all the time” thanks to researchers’ new, artificial intelligence-aided analysis. Using a combined hundreds of years’ worth of information gleaned from over 1 billion wave patterns, scientists collaborating between the University of Copenhagen and the University of Victoria have produced an algorithmic equation capable of predicting the “recipe” for extreme rogue waves. In doing so, the team appear to also upend beliefs about oceanic patterns dating back to the 1700’s.

Despite centuries of terrifying, unconfirmed rumors alongside landlubber skepticism, monstrous rogue waves were only scientifically documented for the first time in 1995. But since laser measuring equipment aboard the Norwegian oil platform Draupner captured unimpeachable evidence of an encounter with an 85-foot-high wall of water, researchers have worked to study the oceanic phenomenon’s physics, characteristics, and influences. Over the following decade, oceanographers came to define a rogue wave as being at least twice the height of a formation’s “significant wave height,” or the mean of the largest one-third of a wave pattern. They also began confidently citing “some reasons” behind the phenomena, but knew there was much more to learn.

[Related: New AI-based tsunami warning software could help save lives.]

Nearly two decades after Draupner, however, researchers’ new, AI-assisted approach offers unprecedented analysis through a study published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“Basically, it is just very bad luck when one of these giant waves hits,” Dion Häfner, a research engineer and the paper’s first author, said in a November 20 announcement. “They are caused by a combination of many factors that, until now, have not been combined into a single risk estimate.”

Using readings obtained from buoys spread across 158 locations near US coasts and overseas territories, the team first amassed information equivalent to 700 years’ worth of sea state information, wave heights, water depths, and bathymetric data. After mapping all the causal variables that influence rogue waves, Häfner and their colleagues used various AI methods to synthesize the data into a model capable of calculating rogue wave formation probabilities. (These included symbolic regression which generates an equation output rather than a single prediction.) Unfortunately, the results are unlikely to ease fears of anyone suffering from thalassophobia.

“Our analysis demonstrates that abnormal waves occur all the time,” Johannes Gemmrich, the study’s second author, said in this week’s announcement. According to Gemmrich, the team registered 100,000 dataset instances fitting the bill for rogue waves.

“This is equivalent to around 1 monster wave occurring every day at any random location in the ocean,” Gemmrich added, while noting they weren’t necessarily all “monster waves of extreme size.” A small comfort, perhaps.

Until the new study, many experts believed the majority of rogue waves formed when two waves combined into a single, massive mountain of water. Based on the new equation, however, it appears the biggest influence is owed to “linear superposition.” First documented in the 1700’s, such situations occur when two wave systems cross paths and reinforce one another, instead of combining. This increases the likelihood of forming massive waves’ high crests and deep troughs. Although understood to exist for hundreds of years, the new dataset offers concrete support for the phenomenon and its effects on wave patterns.

[Related: How Tonga’s volcanic eruption can help predict tsunamis.]

And while it’s probably disconcerting to imagine an eight-story-tall wave occurring somewhere in the world every single day, the new algorithmic equation can at least help you stay well away from locations where rogue waves are most likely to occur at any given time. This won’t often come in handy for the average person, but for the estimated 50,000 cargo ships daily sailing across the world, integrating the equation into their forecasting tools could save lives.

Knowing this, Häfner’s team has already made their algorithm, research, and amassed data available as open source information, so that weather services and public agencies can start identifying—and avoiding—any rogue wave-prone areas.

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Cruise CEO Kyle Vogt announced his resignation from the controversial robotaxi startup on Sunday evening. The co-founder’s sudden departure arrives after months of public and political backlash relating to the autonomous vehicle fleet’s safety, and hints at future issues for the company purchased by General Motors in 2016 for over $1 billion.

Vogt’s resignation follows months of documented hazardous driving behaviors from Cruise’s autonomous vehicle fleet, including injuring pedestrians, delaying emergency responders, and failing to detect children. Cruise’s Golden State tenure itself lasted barely two months following a California Public Utilities Commission greenlight on 24/7 robotaxi services in August. Almost immediately, residents and city officials began documenting instances of apparent traffic pileups, blocked roadways, and seemingly reckless driving involving Cruise and Google-owned Waymo robotaxis. Meanwhile, Cruise representatives including Vogt aggressively campaigned against claims of an unsafe vehicle fleet.

[Related: San Francisco is pushing back against the rise of robotaxis.]

“Anything that we do differently than humans is being sensationalized,” Vogt told The Washington Post in September.

On October 2, a Cruise robotaxi failed to avoid hitting a woman pedestrian first struck by another car, subsequently dragging her 20 feet down the road. GM issued a San Francisco moratorium on Cruise operations three weeks later, followed by a nationwide expansion of the suspension on November 6.

But even with Cruise on an indefinite hiatus, competitors like Waymo and Zoox continue testing autonomous taxis across San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Austin, and elsewhere to varying degrees of success. As The New York Times reports, Waymo’s integration into Phoenix continues to progress smoothly. Meanwhile, Austin accidents became so concerning that city officials felt the need to establish an internal task force over the summer to help log and process autonomous vehicle incidents.

[Related: Self-driving taxis allegedly blocked an ambulance and the patient died.]

In a thread posted to X over the weekend, Vogt called his experience helming Cruise “amazing,” and expressed gratitude to the company and its employees while telling them to “remember why this work matters.”

“The status quo on our roads sucks, but together we’ve proven there is something far better around the corner,” wrote Vogt before announcing his plans to spend time with his family and explore new ideas.

“Thanks for the great ride!” Vogt concluded.

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SpaceX’s second, unpiloted Starship test flight of the year ended in yet another fiery inferno on November 18. This time, the sudden end arrived roughly 8 minutes into its 90-minute scheduled mission. But although its Super Heavy first stage booster suffered a fatal “rapid unscheduled disassembly” in the Caribbean, the world’s most powerful rocket almost doubled its previous lifespan and passed multiple other crucial milestones.

Starship launched once again from its test site near Boca Chica, Texas, at 8:03am ET on Saturday, with all 39 of the Super Heavy booster’s Raptor engines remaining lit during the mission—a first for the spacecraft intended to eventually deliver humans to Mars. At two minutes and 41 seconds following liftoff, Starship’s hot-staging sequence—in which upper stage engines ignite and separate from the booster—also proceeded successfully, clearing yet another hurdle for SpaceX engineers. The reusable booster then performed its flip maneuver en route towards an intended safe return back to Earth, but exploded only a few seconds later. The booster’s fate wasn’t a huge surprise, however, as SpaceX mission control operators already suspected such a dramatic event could occur due to the immense “load on top of the booster.”

Meanwhile, the Starship upper stage continued to soar for another few minutes to roughly 92 miles above the Earth’s surface—well above the Kármán Line, an internationally recognized demarcation between the planet’s atmosphere and outer space. Moments before its scheduled Second Engine Cut Off, or SECO, the upper stage met its own explosive demise. Space X representatives cited a delay in Starship’s automated flight termination system, but do not yet know the exact cause for its malfunction. If successful, Starship would have circumnavigated Earth before performing a hard landing near Hawaii.

The results of April’s Starship test received considerable criticism from both Boca Chica locals and the Federal Aviation Administration for surrounding environmental damage sustained during launch. Starship’s Raptor engines burn approximately 40,000 pounds of fuel per second to reach 17 million pounds of thrust. Nearby Texan residents described the blowback as resembling a “mini earthquake” at the time, with at least one business owner’s store window shattering. The April 20 test flight blasted a 25-feet deep crater, ejecting clouds of dirt, dust, and debris into the air while smashing a bowling ball-sized fragment into a nearby NASA Spaceflight van. Much of the area near Starship’s launch site includes protected ecosystems, as well as land considered sacred by local Indigenous communities. The FAA soon issued 63 corrective actions needed before SpaceX could legally attempt another Starship test.

[Related: SpaceX’s Starship launch caused a ‘mini earthquake’ and left a giant mess.]

Unlike SpaceX’s outing, Starship’s upgraded launch mount reportedly better mitigated the resulting blowback—at least according to Elon Musk’s company assessment. The FAA, meanwhile, wasted no time in issuing its own statement on Saturday’s event.

“A mishap occurred during the [SpaceX] Starship OFT-2 launch from Boca Chica, Texas, on Saturday, Nov. 18,” the administration posted to X over the weekend. Although no injuries or public property damage was reported this time, the FAA promised to oversee the “SpaceX-led mishap investigation” to ensure the company will comply with “regulatory requirements.”

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Although NASA’s Psyche spacecraft is currently en route to its rendezvous with a unique, metal-heavy asteroid floating between Mars and Jupiter, it still has quite a while before it reaches its destination. But researchers aren’t waiting until the end of its 3.5 year, 280-million-mile journey to make the most of the project. Even after barely a month of spaceflight, Psyche is already achieving some impressive technological feats.

On November 16, NASA announced its Deep Space Optical Communications experiment aboard Psyche successfully achieved “first light” earlier this week, beaming a data-laden, near-infrared laser nearly 10 million miles back to Caltech’s Palomar Observatory. Additionally, DSOC operators were able to “close the link”—the vital process in which test data is simultaneously beamed through both uplink and downlink lasers. Although only the first of numerous test runs to come, it completes a necessary step within NASA’s ongoing plans to develop far more powerful communications tools for future space travel.

[Related: In its visit to Psyche, NASA hopes to glimpse the center of the Earth.]

Astronauts, ground crews, and private companies have all utilized radio wave frequencies for data transfers and communications since the late-1950’s, thanks to a global antenna array known as the Deep Space Network. As organizations like NASA aim to expand humanity’s presence beyond Earth in the coming decades, they’ll need to move away from radio systems to alternatives like infrared lasers. Not only are such lasers more cost efficient, but they are also capable of storing and transmitting far more information within their shorter wavelengths. Further along in DSOC’s development, for example, will hopefully accomplish data transmission rates between 10-to-100 times greater than today’s spacecraft radio systems.

“Achieving first light is one of many critical DSOC milestones in the coming months, paving the way toward higher-data-rate communications capable of sending scientific information, high-definition imagery, and streaming video in support of humanity’s next giant leap: sending humans to Mars,”  Trudy Kortes, NASA’s director of Technology Demonstrations, said in Thursday’s announcement.

NASA also noted that, while similar infrared communications has been successfully achieved in low Earth orbit as well as to-and-from the moon, this week’s DSOC milestone marks the first test through deep space. This is more difficult thanks to the comparatively vast, growing distance between Earth and Psyche. During the November 14 test, data took roughly 50 seconds to travel from the spacecraft to researchers in California. At its farthest distance from home, Psyche’s data-encoded photons will take around 20 minutes to relay. That’s more than enough time for both Earth and Psyche to drift further along their own respective cosmic paths, so laser arrays on the craft and at NASA will need to adjust for the changes. Future testing will ensure the terrestrial and deep space tech is up to the task.

[Related: NASA’s mission to a weird metal asteroid has blasted off.]

Once it becomes the new norm, Jason Mitchell, director of the Advanced Communications and Navigation Technologies Division within NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program, believes optical lasers will offer a “boon” for researchers’ space missions data collection, and will help enable future deep space exploration.
“More data means more discoveries,” Mitchell said in NASA’s announcement.

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A litany of issues has plagued Formula One’s highly anticipated (and derided) Las Vegas Grand Prix race for months, but the event’s most recent issues are perhaps its most ridiculous yet—the cars on-average 212 mph speeds are too fast for the Vegas Strip.

F1 racers can’t bolt down any standard roadway—they require specialized, carefully laid pavement. America’s other two F1 venues in Austin, Texas, and Miami, Florida, were both built specifically for the high-speed races, but the Las Vegas Grand Prix circuit presents a wholly different challenge, as it is located within the city itself. To prepare for this weekend’s competition, workers first removed the route’s top 5-to-10 inches of asphalt before replacing it with 60,000 tons of a base layer followed by another 43,000 tons of intermediate and top layer pavement.

Speaking to The Washington Post on Thursday, Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority chief executive Steve Hill estimated the new circuit pavement would last 6-10 years, and only need piecemeal maintenance without requiring extensive road closures.

But according to event organizers on November 16, F1 drivers’ first, late evening practice run barely lasted eight minutes before abruptly being forced to end. Near the track’s final corner, racer Carlos Sainz suddenly stopped, reporting apparent damage to his Ferrari’s flooring. A quick investigation of the track revealed that the race car’s speed and accompanying force put too much stress on a drain cover’s concrete framing, causing it to protrude and significantly damage the Ferrari’s chassis—the main frame to which its engine and suspension are attached. If that weren’t enough, racer Esteban Ocon’s car received a similar blow from the dislodged debris shortly after Sainz.

[Related: How the Formula races plan to power their cars with more sustainable fuel.]

This isn’t the first time grates proved to be an F1 car’s Achilles heel—another vehicle suffered a similar fate at a practice during the 2019 Azerbaijan Grand Prix. In that instance, however, F1 organizers welded shut the track’s coverings—a solution unavailable to last night’s crew members since it’s illegal to do so under Nevada law. Instead, repairers raced (so to speak) down the Las Vegas track, applying quick-setting concrete to the remaining 20-to-30 coverings.

It was 2:30am local time before racers could return for a second practice run. By this point, they raced past attendee stands devoid of any fans. Labor laws prevented security workers from continuing to staff the event. Those who attempted to stick it out to see the racers return were forced to leave for the night around 1:3gett0am. The competitors completed their trial runs without further incident.

Both drivers and their team members haven’t minced words since the evening’s debacle. Belgian and Dutch racer Max Verstappen described the Vegas Grand Prix as “99 percent show and 1 percent sport,” while Ferrari boss Fred Vasseur called the incident “unacceptable.”

“The situation is we damaged completely the monocoque, the engine, the batteries. I’m not sure this is the topic for me today,” Vasseur told reporters at the time. “We had a very tough [first practice], it cost us a fortune, we fucked up the session for Carlos.”

Mercedes chief Toto Wolff, however, defended the race and described the issue as a “black eye,” but nothing else. “This is nothing… they’re going to seal the drain covers and nobody’s going to talk about that tomorrow morning anymore,” Wolff continued.

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Hindsight is not quite 20/20 for NASA’s historic Apollo missions. For instance, the Apollo 12 lander successfully touched down on the moon at exactly 6:35:25 UTC on November 19, 1969. What happened to the lunar environment as astronauts touched down, however, wasn’t recorded—and exact details on the reactions between nearby rocks, debris, and lunar regolith to lander engines’ supersonic bursts of gas aren’t documented. And physically replicating Apollo 12’s historic moment on Earth isn’t possible, given stark differences in lunar gravity and geology, not to mention the moon’s complete lack of atmosphere.

This is particularly a problem for NASA as it continues to plan for astronauts’ potential 2025 return to Earth’s satellite during the Artemis program. The landing craft delivering humans onto the lunar surface will be much more powerful than its Apollo predecessors, so planning for the literal and figurative impact is an absolute necessity. To do so, NASA researchers at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, are relying on the agency’s Pleiades supercomputer to help simulate previous lunar landings—specifically, the unaccounted information from Apollo 12.

As detailed by NASA earlier this week, a team of computer engineers and fluid dynamics experts recently designed a program capable of accurately recreating Apollo 12’s plume-surface interactions (PSI), the interplay between landing jets and lunar topography. According to the agency, the Pleiades supercomputer generated terabytes of data over the course of several weeks’ worth of simulations that will help predict PSI scenarios for NASA’s Human Landing System, Commercial Lunar Payload Services, and even future potential Mars landers.

[Related: Meet the first 4 astronauts of the ‘Artemis Generation’]

NASA recently showed off one of these simulations—the Apollo 12 landing—during its appearance at SC23, an annual international supercomputing conference in Denver, Colorado. For the roughly half-minute simulation clip, the team relied on a simulation tool called the Gas Granular Flow Solver (GGFS). The program is both capable of modeling interactions to predict regolith cratering, as well as dust clouds kicked up around the lander’s immediate surroundings.

According to the project’s conference description, GGFS utilizing its highest fidelities can “model microscopic regolith particle interactions with a particle size/shape distribution that statistically replicates actual regolith.” To run most effectively on “today’s computing resources,” however, the simulation considers just one-to-three potential particle sizes and shapes.

[Related: Moon-bound Artemis III spacesuits have some functional luxury sewn in.]

The approximation of the final half-minute of descent before engine cut-off notably includes depictions of shear stress, or the lateral forces affecting a surface area’s erosion levels. In the clip, low shear stress is represented by a dark purple hue, while the higher shear stress areas are shown in yellow.

Going forward, the team intends to optimize the tool’s source code, alongside integrating increased computational resources. Such upgrades will allow for better, higher fidelity simulations to fine-tune Artemis landing procedures, as well as potentially plan for landing missions far beyond the lunar surface.

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The common stethoscope’s recognizable design has remained largely unchanged for decades for good reason—there’s really not much to improve at this point. When it comes to listening in on a patient’s internal soundtrack, the standard, adjustable bell connected via short rubber tubing to binaural earpieces is perfectly suited for helping assess respiratory and cardiac health.

Of course, a stethoscope can only relay vitals in person based on its specific placements; long term monitoring often requires extended clinical stays alongside bulky, wired devices. To solve these problems, a team of medical experts, researchers, and engineers at Northwestern University set out to design a new wearable capable of providing highly detailed, continuous, real-time information regardless of a patient’s environment. After painlessly adhering to specific areas of the chest, the resulting soft devices not only accomplish these goals, but already show immense promise for both adults, as well as premature babies often dealing with gastrointestinal complications and apneas.

[Related: Pill cuts lung cancer deaths in half, study says.]

“Currently, there are no existing methods for continuously monitoring and spatially mapping body sounds at home or in hospital settings,” John Rogers, a bioelectronics expert who oversaw the new tool’s design and development, said in a recent Northwestern University profile.

As detailed in a new study published in Nature Medicine, Rogers and fellow researchers placed a miniature battery, electronics, Bluetooth relay, flash memory drive, and two microphones within a 40mm long, 20mm wide, and 8 mm thick soft silicone casing—roughly the size of a stick of gum. Each microphone is positioned in opposing directions, into and outside the patient, to filter exterior ambient noises from a wearer’s bodily sounds. The team notes this is particularly helpful in situations such as lung monitoring, since the organ is simply too quiet when compared to noisy hospital surroundings.

Ankit Bharat, a thoracic surgeon who oversaw adult subject clinical device trials, describes it pretty succinctly in Northwestern’s November 16 announcement:

“Simply put, it’s like up to 13 highly trained doctors listening to different regions of the lungs simultaneously with their stethoscopes, and their minds are synced to create a continuous and a dynamic assessment of the lung health that is translated into a movie on a real-life computer screen.”

[Related: Almost everyone in the world breathes unhealthy air.]

Aside from adult lung and gastrointestinal health monitoring, the tiny wearables show incredible promise for infants—particularly those born with potential medical issues. Babies’ respiratory systems only fully mature during the third trimester of pregnancy, meaning many apnea and breathing disorders often accompany premature deliveries. Given these infants’ physical size, traditional stethoscopes are both impractical and too large to provide accurate, prolonged monitoring. And even for healthy delivered children, breathing and gastrointestinal issues are major concerns during their first five years. The team’s new wearables, however, account for these issues by providing a new, size-appropriate tool.

Every human body is host to a wide array of acoustic and tonal signatures. Once the particular sounds are documented, the team hopes their wearable will make it much easier to pick out irregularities stemming from serious, overlooked health issues. If detected early enough, such discoveries could potentially save countless lives.

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To call soft robotic hands “complex” is a bit of an understatement. These designs consider a number of engineering factors, including the elasticity and durability of materials. This usually entails separate 3D-printing processes for each component, often with multiple plastics and polymers. Now, however, engineers working together from ETH Zurich and the MIT spin-off company, Inkbit, can create extremely intricate products with a 3D-printer utilizing a laser scanner and feedback learning. The researchers’ impressive results already include a six-legged gripper robot, an artificial “heart” pump, sturdy metamaterials, as well as an articulating soft robotic hand complete with artificial tendons, ligaments, and bones.

[Related: Watch a robot hand only use its ‘skin’ to feel and grab objects.]

Traditional 3D-printers use fast-curing polyacrylate plastics. In this process, UV lamps quickly harden a malleable plastic gel as it is layered via the printer nozzle, while a scraping tool removes surface imperfections along the way. While effective, the rapid solidification can limit a product’s form, function, and flexibility. But trying to swap out the fast-curing plastic for slow-curing polymers like epoxies and thiolenes mucks up the machinery, meaning many soft robotic components require separate manufacturing methods.

Knowing this, designers wondered if adding scanning technology alongside rapid printing adjustments could solve the slow-curing hurdle. As detailed in their new paper published in Nature, their new system not only offers a solution, but demonstrates 3D-printed, slow-curing polymers’ potential across a number of designs.

Instead of scraping away imperfections layer-by-layer, three-dimensional scanning offers near-instantaneous information on surface irregularities. This data is sent to the printer’s feedback mechanism, which then adjusts the necessary material amount “in real time and with pinpoint accuracy,” Wojciech Matusik, an electrical engineering and computer science professor at MIT and study co-author, said in a recent project profile from ETH Zurich.

To demonstrate their new method’s potential, researchers created a quartet of diverse 3D-printed projects using soft-curing polymers—a resilient metamaterial cube, a heart-like fluid pump capable of transporting “liquids” through its system, a six-legged robot topped with a sensor-informed two-pronged gripper, as well an articulating hand capable of grasping objects using embedded sensor pads.
While refinements to production methods, polymers’ chemical compositions, and lifespan are still needed, the team believes the comparatively fast and adaptable 3D-printing method could one day lead to a host of novel industrial, architectural, and robotic designs. Soft robots, for example, offer less risk of injury when working alongside humans, and can handle fragile goods better than their standard, metal robot counterparts. Already, however, the existing advances have produced designs once impossible for 3D printers.

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As technology evolves, AI-generated images of human faces are becoming increasingly indistinguishable from real photos. But our ability to separate the real from the artificial may come down to personal biases—both our own, as well as that of AI’s underlying algorithms.

According to a new study recently published in the journal Psychological Science, certain humans may misidentify AI-generated white faces as real more often than they can accurately identify actual photos of caucasians. More specifically, it’s white people who can’t distinguish between real and AI-generated white faces. 

[Related: Tom Hanks says his deepfake is hawking dental insurance.]

In a series of trials conducted by researchers collaborating across universities in Australia, the Netherlands, and the UK, 124 white adults were tasked with classifying a series of faces as artificial or real, then rating their confidence for each decision on a 100-point scale. The team decided to match white participants with caucasian image examples in an attempt to mitigate potential own-race recognition bias—the tendency for racial and cultural populations to more poorly remember unfamiliar faces from different demographics.

“Remarkably, white AI faces can convincingly pass as more real than human faces—and people do not realize they are being fooled,” researchers write in their paper.

This was by no slim margin, either. Participants mistakenly classified a full 66 percent of AI images as photographed humans, versus barely half as many of the real photos. Meanwhile, the same white participants’ ability to discern real from artificial people of color was roughly 50-50. In a second experiment, 610 participants rated the same images using 14 attributes contributing to what made them look human, without knowing some photos were fake. Of those attributes, the faces’ proportionality, familiarity, memorability, and the perception of lifelike eyes ranked highest for test subjects.

The team dubbed this newly identified tendency to overly misattribute artificially generated faces—specifically, white faces—as “AI hyperrealism.” The stark statistical differences are believed to stem from well-documented algorithmic biases within AI development. AI systems are trained on far more white subjects than POC, leading to a greater ability to both generate convincing white faces, as well as accurately identify them using facial recognition techniques.

This disparity’s ramifications can ripple through countless scientific, social, and psychological situations—from identity theft, to racial profiling, to basic privacy concerns.

[Related: AI plagiarism detectors falsely flag non-native English speakers.]

“Our results explain why AI hyperrealism occurs and show that not all AI faces appear equally realistic, with implications for proliferating social bias and for public misidentification of AI,” the team writes in their paper, adding that the AI hyperrealism phenomenon “implies there must be some visual differences between AI and human faces, which people misinterpret.”

It’s worth noting the new study’s test pool was both small and extremely limited, so more research is undoubtedly necessary to further understand the extent and effects of such biases. But it remains true that very little is still known about what AI hyperrealism might mean for populations, as well as how they affect judgment in day-to-day lives. In the meantime, humans may receive some help in discernment from an extremely ironic source: During trials, the research team also built a machine learning program tasked with separating real from fake human faces—which it proceeded to accurately accomplish 94 percent of the time.

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No one can entirely predict where the artificial intelligence industry is taking everyone, but at least the AI is poised to reliably tell you what the weather will be like when you get there. (Relatively.) According to a paper published on November 14 in Science, a new, AI-powered 10-day climate forecasting program called GraphCast is already outperforming existing prediction tools nearly every time. The open-source technology is even showing promise for identifying and charting potentially dangerous weather events—all while using a fraction of the “gold standard” system’s computing power.

“Weather prediction is one of the oldest and most challenging–scientific endeavors,” GraphCast team member Remi Lam said in a statement on Tuesday. “Medium range predictions are important to support key decision-making across sectors, from renewable energy to event logistics, but are difficult to do accurately and efficiently.”

[Related: Listen to ‘Now and Then’ by The Beatles, a ‘new’ song recorded using AI.]

Developed by Lam and colleagues at Google DeepMind, the tech company’s AI research division, GraphCast is trained on decades of historic weather information alongside roughly 40 years of satellite, weather station, and radar reanalysis. This stands in sharp contrast to what are known as numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, which traditionally utilize massive amounts of data concerning thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and other atmospheric sciences. All that data requires intense computing power, which itself requires intense, costly energy to crunch all those numbers. On top of all that, NWPs are slow—taking hours for hundreds of machines within a supercomputer to produce their 10-day forecasts.

GraphCast, meanwhile, offers highly accurate, medium range climatic predictions in less than a minute, all through just one of Google’s AI-powered machine learning tensor processing unit (TPU) machines.

During a comprehensive performance evaluation against the industry-standard NWP system—the High-Resolution Forecast (HRES)—GraphCast proved more accurate in over 90 percent of tests. When limiting the scope to only the Earth’s troposphere, the lowest portion of the atmosphere home to most noticeable weather events, GraphCast beat HRES in an astounding 99.7 percent of test variables. The Google DeepMind team was particularly impressed by the new program’s ability to spot dangerous weather events without receiving any training to look for them. By uploading a hurricane tracking algorithm and implementing it within GraphCast’s existing parameters, the AI-powered program was immediately able to more accurately identify and predict the storms’ path.

In September, GraphCast made its public debut through the organization behind HRES, the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). During that time, GraphCast accurately predicted Hurricane Lee’s trajectory nine days ahead of its Nova Scotia landfall. Existing forecast programs proved not only less accurate, but also only determined Lee’s Nova Scotia destination six days in advance.

[Related: Atlantic hurricanes are getting stronger faster than they did 40 years ago.]

“Pioneering the use of AI in weather forecasting will benefit billions of people in their everyday lives,” Lam wrote on Tuesday, who notes GraphCast’s potential vital importance amid increasingly devastating events stemming from climate collapse.

“[P]redicting extreme temperatures is of growing importance in our warming world,” Lam continued. “GraphCast can characterize when the heat is set to rise above the historical top temperatures for any given location on Earth. This is particularly useful in anticipating heat waves, disruptive and dangerous events that are becoming increasingly common.”

Google DeepMind’s GraphCast is already available via its open-source coding, and ECMWF plans to continue experimenting with integrating the AI-powered system into its future forecasting efforts.

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There are millions of pieces of space junk orbiting Earth these days, so what’s one more bit of detritus amidst the trash cloud?

According to NASA’s recent spacewalk debriefing, International Space Station denizens Jasmin Moghbeli and Loral O’Hara spent nearly seven hours conducting various repairs on a sun-tracking solar panel array. During their shift, however, one of their “crew lock bags” (astronaut-speak for a toolkit) accidentally got loose, and drifted away before either astronaut could catch it. While not a major issue in and of itself, this certainly highlights (yet again) the growing problem floating above humanity’s heads.

[Related: The FCC just dished out their first space junk fine.]

Thankfully, the lock bag didn’t contain anything of major importance. In a separate press conference last week, ISS deputy program manager Dana Weigel stated the bag’s contents included “some tethers and things like tool sockets” similar to the everyday household varieties, calling them “fairly common items” that aren’t a “huge impact” for the crew. Most importantly, Mission Control observed the bag’s current orbital trajectory and determined it presents a low risk of “recontacting” with the ISS, with “no action required.”

Meganne Christian, a European Space Agency 2022 astronaut class member, shared a clip on social media taken from Moghbeli’s helmet camera showing the toolbag’s escape into the cosmic abyss.

Since the toolbag isn’t in a stable orbit, experts estimate it will decay into Earth’s atmosphere sometime during March 2024. Given its size, the lost equipment will burn up completely during the descent, so there’s no need to stress or keep an eye to the sky—unless that’s your thing, of course.

The US Space Force already cataloged the new orbital debris as 58229/1998-067WC, and will track its movements over the course of its lifespan. Per The Register, the toolbag’s brightness is measured at a stellar magnitude +6, meaning you could hypothetically witness its atmospheric reentry with the naked eye during perfect weather conditions. That said, binoculars will probably increase the odds of seeing its fiery end.

[Related: Some space junk just got smacked by more space junk, complicating cleanup.]

But one toolbag’s atmospheric cremation does very little to solve the ongoing issue of space junk. After years of orbital industry expansion, the planet is surrounded by discarded rocket debris, satellites, and all manner of space travel detritus. It’s getting so bad that a recent project space junk cleanup project was suddenly complicated by its target colliding with another bit of trash.

Thankfully, governmental regulators are taking notice—earlier this year, the FCC issued its first ever space pollution fine to the satellite television provider, Dish Network, for failing to properly decommission one of its satellites last year. No penalties are expected for ISS astronauts Moghbeli and O’Hara; after all, they aren’t the first astronauts to drop the bag, so to speak. In 2008, two ISS astronauts accidentally lost a kit containing “two grease guns, scrapers, several wipes and tethers and some tool caddies.”

Update 11/17/2023 12:20PM : The Virtual Telescope Project has released this image, taken on November 15, 2023. The tool bag is still zooming around the Earth at roughly 17,500 mph until its projected March 2024 deorbit.

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Collectors are apparently only interested in very specific pieces of Apple history. While a first generation 8GB iPhone in original packaging sold on November 8 for nearly $20,500, an Apple rainbow logo sign which once hung atop the company’s Cupertino Corporate Headquarters failed to reach its minimum $30,000 auction bid on Wednesday.

[Related: A first generation iPhone just sold for 317 times its original sticker price.]

Although technically not Apple’s first logo—a detailed, vintage illustration of Isaac Newton seated underneath a tree—the six-hued fruit image designed by graphic designer Rob Janoff in 1977 quickly grew as instantly recognizable as the Nike “Swoop” and McDonald’s “Arch.” According to Bonhams auction house lot description, Steve Jobs reportedly enjoyed Janoff’s minimalist design, particularly the bite mark included to ensure consumers wouldn’t potentially mistake it for a tomato. Jobs was also firm about the multicolor scheme, believing it would “humanize” the company. Apple’s CEO apparently had a change of heart by 1998, when the company updated to the monochromatic logo largely still seen today.

But even shelling out tens of thousands of dollars for the roughly 46-by-50 inch signage wouldn’t have meant its new owner received the logo in mint condition, however. The lot description notes “slight peeling” near the color stripes’ edges, along with “craquelure” in certain areas and “general outdoor wear,” which is probably to be predictable after years hanging atop a building near California’s Highway 280.

Meanwhile, people appeared much more interested in a 8GB first generation iPhone within its original packaging. Finally sold for $20,450, the lot is in much better shape—and has Drew Carey to partially thank for it. Roger Dobkowitz, a longtime producer on The Price Is Right, received the then-revolutionary smartphone as a gift from Carey shortly after the comedian became the game show’s new host in 2007.

[Related: Here’s a look at Apple’s first augmented reality headset.]

“Everyone was quite ecstatic… it had been released just three weeks earlier and it was a big thing in the news,” Dobkowitz said in a statement for Bonhams. Despite all the hype, however, Dobkowitz never bothered to use his at-the-time $499 gift, let alone open it.

“I did not like cell phones, and had no intention of using it,” he explained, adding that he tossed the iPhone in a desk drawer, and never thought about it again “until years later.” By that point, Apple’s iPhone was firmly established as a cultural touchstone product even a cell phone naysayer like Dobkowitz could recognize. The television producer eventually fished out his workplace gift from the drawer, and transferred the likely (already price-inflated) iPhone into a safe, where it remained until very recently.

Dobkowitz’ iPhone is far from the first to hit the auction block. This year alone, another first generation model sold for over $63,000 in February, while a mint condition, factory sealed, first generation 4GB iPhone formerly belonging to an Apple engineering team member auctioned at nearly $200,000 in July.

Maybe in a few years’ time, the Apple logo will find a new home. Perhaps its current owners can call Drew Carey for some advice.

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After over half a century of loyal service, the world’s last remaining Super Guppy aircraft continues to dutifully transport NASA’s gigantic rocket parts in its cavernous, hinged cargo bay. On Tuesday, the Huntsville International Airport posted a video and accompanying images to social media of the rotund plane arriving from Kennedy Space Center. Perhaps somewhat unsurprisingly, it sounds like a prop plane of that size can make a huge, rich racket on the tarmac.

[Related: Artemis II lunar mission goals, explained.]

Aboard the over 50-ton (when empty), turboprop plane this time around was the heat shield that protected last year’s Artemis I Orion spacecraft. The vital rocketry component capable of withstanding 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit resided in the Super Guppy’s 25-foot tall, 25-foot wide, 111-foot long interior during a nearly 690-mile journey to the Alabama airport, after which it was transported a few miles down the road to the Marshall Space Flight Center. From there, a team of technicians will employ a specialized milling tool to remove the heat shield’s protective Avcoat outer layer for routine post-flight analysis, according to NASA.

The Super Guppy is actually the third Guppy iteration to lumber through the clouds. Based on a converted Boeing Stratotanker refueling tanker and designed by the now defunct Aero Spacelines during the 1960s, an original craft called the Pregnant Guppy was supplanted by its larger Super Guppy heir just a few years later. This updated plane included an expanded cargo bay, alongside an incredibly unique side hinge that allows its forward section to open like a pocket watch. A final Super Guppy Turbine debuted in 1970, and remained in use by NASA for over 25 years. In 1997, the agency purchased one of two newer Super Guppy Turbines built by Airbus. This Guppy is the current and only such hefty boy gracing the skies. With its bulky profile, the Super Guppy’s travel specs are pretty impressive—it’s capable of flying as high as 25,000 feet at speeds as fast as 250 nautical miles per hour.

[Related: NASA’s weird giant airplane carried the future of Mars in its belly.]

Last PopSci checked in on the Super Guppy’s journeys was back in 2016, when it transported an Orion crew capsule potentially destined for a much further trip than the Artemis missions’ upcoming lunar sojourns—Mars. According to Digital Trends, the Super Guppy’s next flight could occur sometime next year ahead of NASA’s Artemis II human-piloted lunar flyby.

“Although much of the glory of America’s space program may be behind it, the Super Guppy continues to be one of the only practical options for oversized cargo and stands ready to encompass a bigger role in the future,” reads a portion of NASA’s official description.

Until then, feel free to peruse the official, 74-page Super Guppy Transport User’s Guide.

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To put it very simply: the Rimac Nevera electric hypercar is very, very fast. With 1,194-horsepower, a top speed of 256 MPH, and the ability to accelerate faster than an F1 racer, it’s not just one of the most powerful EVs in the world—it’s one of the most powerful cars, period. The $2.1 million Nevera has dashed past so many world records at this point that its makers are now forced to get creative in setting new ones. And they certainly have, judging from a new video released on November 7.

In addition to all its other feats, the Rimac Nevera is apparently now also the Guinness World Record holder for the “fastest speed in reverse.” How fast did it take to earn yet another laurel? 171.34 MPH—certainly an intense speed in any direction.

[Related: Behind the wheel of the bruisingly quick Rimac Nevera hypercar.]

On Tuesday, Nevera chief program engineer Matija Renić revealed that the new stunt actually began as a joke during the hypercar’s development stage.

“We kind of laughed it off,” Renić said via the company’s announcement. Renić noted its cooling and stability systems, not to mention aerodynamics, simply weren’t engineered for putting the pedal to the floor while in reverse. “But then, we started to talk about how fun it would be to give it a shot.”

Simulations indicated a Nevera likely would top 150 MPH while driven backwards, but there was no way to be sure just how stable it would remain while blazing down the road. “We were entering uncharted territory,” Renić added—an understatement if there ever was one.

But as these multiple videos attest, the Nevera is certainly up to the task should it ever improbably become necessary. According to the company’s record-setting test driver, pulling off the stunt “definitely took some getting used to.”

“You’re facing straight out backwards watching the scenery flash away from you faster and faster, feeling your neck pulled forwards in almost the same sensation you would normally get under heavy braking,” Goran Drndak said via Rimac’s November 7 announcement. “You’re moving the steering wheel so gently, careful not to upset the balance, watching for your course and your braking point out the rear-view mirror, all the while keeping an eye on the speed.” Although being “almost completely unnatural” to the car’s design, Drndak said the Nevera “breezed” through the stress test.

It’s hard to imagine what’s left for the Nevera to achieve, but if the latest record is any indication, chances are Rimac designers will think of something.

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Bees are extremely adept at communicating, even though their brains weigh just two milligrams. They’re so efficient at reaching a consensus, in fact, that researchers created a mini-robot team inspired by their ‘conversations.’

In the search for a new nesting spot, scout bees are known to conduct tiny “waggle dances” to indicate their preferred hive location—slowly winning over swarmmates to join in the process. The moves are tiny but complex, involving moving in figure-eight patterns while shaking their bodies at rapid speed. The bees with the most popular dance part earn final say on where to build. While the three centimeter-wide “kilobots” under the watch of a team at Spain’s University of Barcelona can’t shimmy and shake just yet, they do signal to one another much like bees.

[Related: Bee brains could teach robots to make split-second decisions.]

As detailed in their preprint paper submitted in late October, the team first attached a colored LED light alongside an infrared-light receiver and emitter atop each of a total of 35 kilobots. They then programmed the bots using a modified version of a previously designed mathematical model based on scout bee behavior. From there, the team placed varying numbers of kilobots within an enclosure and let them jitter through their new environment on their trio of toothpick-like legs. During over 70 tests, researchers ordered certain bot clusters to advertise their preferred nesting location “opinion” via signaling between their LED lights’ red, blue, and green hues.

Every kilobot team achieved a group consensus within roughly 30 minutes, no matter the team size or environmental density. Such reliable decision making—even in machines capable of transmitting just 9 bytes of information at a time—could one day prove invaluable across a number of industries.

[Related: Bat-like echolocation could help these robots find lost people.]

“We believe that in the near future there are going to be simple robots that will do jobs that we don’t want to do, and it will be very important that they make decisions in a decentralized, autonomous manner,” Carmen Miguel, one of the study’s co-authors, explained to New Scientist on November 7.

During invasive medical procedures, for instance, tiny robots could maneuver within a patient’s body, communicating with one another without the need for complex electronics. Similarly, cheap bots could coordinate with one another while deployed during search-and-rescue missions. In such scenarios, the environmental dangers often prevent the use of expensive robots due to risk of damage or destruction.

Above it all, however, the University of Barcelona team believes their work draws attention to often underappreciated aspects of everyday existence. The team’s paper abstract concludes: “By shedding light on this crucial layer of complexity… we emphasize the significance of factors typically overlooked but essential to living systems and life itself.”

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A billionaire-backed Silicon Valley company says it now owns enough land to move forward with the next phases in creating a high-tech, utopian “city of yesterday.” In a recent email to PopSci, California Forever CEO Jan Sramek says he hopes “residents [will] keep an open mind [and] hear what we have to say,” while promising “we’ll do the same in kind.”

The news marked a turning point in the secretive, years-long campaign costing over $800 million, alongside a recently dropped $510 million lawsuit against local landowners. According to the project’s website, the group intends to build a new, green smart municipality from scratch atop its 53,000 acres. But despite promising “novel methods of design, construction and governance,” the project’s details remain vague.

[Related: Silicon Valley’s wealthiest want to build their own city outside of San Francisco.]

Founded by Sramek, a 36-year-old former Goldman Sachs trader, California Forever has quietly bought up tens of thousands of acres northeast of San Francisco since at least 2018. Investors include prominent venture capitalists, LinkedIn’s co-founder, as well as Lauren Powell Jobs, billionaire philanthropist and wife of the late Steve Jobs.

After years spent flying under-the-radar, Flannery Associate’s parent company finally launched a public-facing website in September featuring conceptual renderings and CGI walkthroughs of an idyllic townscape. The official site’s FAQ section argues the stealth campaign was “the only way to avoid creating a rush of reckless short-term land speculation.”

In a separate statement provided to PopSci on Monday, a Flannery spokesperson relayed the company “does not anticipate making any additional purchases” once it finalizes the “few remaining properties” under contract in the coming weeks. It is unclear if the final properties under contract differ from those recently purchased from local Solano County farmers following the contentious legal battle. Flannery filed its $510 million lawsuit in May 2023 against a group of local landowners, citing antitrust violations.

Speaking with PopSci last week via email, Flannery’s spokesperson contended this “small group” of residents engaged in a “targeted campaign” of slander, but denied that the company was suing local farmers for simply refusing to sell. The spokesperson cited an alleged incident from July 2022, when a farmer offered his property to Flannery for $32,000 per acre—nearly 10 times “fair market value” at the time, claims Flannery. After company representatives refused to buy at that price point, the farmer allegedly engaged in a “secret conspiracy” alongside fellow landowners to agree upon a standard selling price “so [Flannery] cannot play owners against owners,” the spokesperson said.

“Flannery has been reasonable when settling the case with many of the defendants, and has been willing to negotiate generous settlements with the remaining defendants,” the spokesperson concluded last week. On November 3, Bloomberg Business revealed the lawsuit’s defendants have since agreed to sell their remaining land to Flannery Associates for $18,000 per acre.

Critics, however, continue to voice concerns over the project’s logistical, legal, and governmental vagaries. Earlier this year, Rep. John Garamendi (D-CA) argued to a local California news outlet that the area’s proximity to Travis Air Force Base meant “[foreign] spy operations or any other nefarious activity could take place” there. Rep. Garamendi added such issues “could detrimentally impact the [base’s] ability…  to operate in a moment of national emergency,” and criticized Flannery’s then-ongoing lawsuit against locals. PopSci has reached out to Rep. Garamendi’s office for comment, but did not receive a response at the time of writing.

“Travis Air Force Base is critical to both our national security and to Solano County. We fully support its mission and always will,” reads a portion of California Forever’s FAQ page.

[Related: Why the tech billionaires can’t save themselves.]

In August, Solano County residents began receiving text and email opinion polls regarding a potential future ballot initiative. The messages at the time described an urban project including “a new city with tens of thousands of new homes, a large solar energy farm, orchards with over a million new trees, and over 10,000 acres of new parks and open space.” In an interview with local Bay Area news outlet ABC 7 in September, Sramek also said he envisions it to be “one of the most walkable places in California, probably in America” while possessing a “very traditional feeling to it.”

“The idea of building a new community and economic opportunity in eastern Solano seemed impossible on the surface,” Sramek wrote to PopSci last week. “But after spending a lot of time learning about the community, which I now call home, I became convinced that with thoughtful design, the right long-term patient investors, and strong partnerships… we can create a new community,” Sramek said at the time.

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A tiny glimmer spotted amid seagrass by a diver off the Italian coast has yielded one of the largest historical treasure troves in over a decade. According to a November 4 announcement by Italy’s culture ministry, an archeological recovery team has recovered somewhere between 30,000 and 50,000 near-pristine ancient coins from the Mediterranean Sea dating back to the fourth century Roman empire. 

[Related: These ‘fake’ ancient Roman coins might actually be real.]

Authorities described the large, bronze coins (known as follis) found near the town of Arzachena “in an exceptional and rare state of conservation,” with only four appearing slightly damaged. Upon further inspection, experts determined the currency originated across the Roman empire between 324 and 340 CE—roughly during Constantine the Great’s reign—with nearly every active mint known from the time, apart from Antioch, Alexandria, and Carthage.

Roman follis coinage entered circulation circa 294 CE during monetary reforms instituted by the emperor Diocletian. Even without a final official coin count, the Arzachena find is already confirmed to be larger than the last major follis discovery made a decade ago in the UK. In 2013, a local metal detector enthusiast uncovered 22,888 follis near Seaton Down a few hundred feet away from the site of a Roman military fort and villa circa the second-to-third centuries.

“The treasure found in the waters of Arzachena represents one of the most important discoveries of numismatic finds in recent years and highlights once again the richness and importance of the archaeological heritage that the depths of our seas… still guards and conserves,” Luigi La Rocca, regional director general of archaeology, fine arts and landscape, said via the Italian government’s recent announcement. La Rocca went on to describe such artifacts as “an extraordinary but also very fragile heritage” that is now constantly threatened by climate change and other human ecological impacts.

[Related: AI revealed the colorful first word of an ancient scroll torched by Mount Vesuvius.]

The tens of thousands of coins may not be the end of discoveries off the Sardianian coast, either. While recovering the follis, divers also found fragments of tall, two-handled, narrow neck jugs known as amphorae. Combined with the coins’ location across “two macro-areas of dispersion” in a large, sandy area between the beach and seabed, experts believe the region could hide the remains of a yet-to-be-uncovered shipwreck. Conservationists are now moving forward with follis restoration efforts.

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Unauthorized harvesting of Americans’ personal online data isn’t just a privacy issue—it’s also a matter of national security, according to new findings. As highlighted in a recent study from Duke University researchers, bad actors can purchase current and former US military personnel’s sensitive information for as little as 12 cents a person.

At any given time, third-party brokers are collecting and selling millions of people’s personal data, often without their knowledge or consent. Much of this information is legally collected through public records, via embedded codes within websites and apps, or by purchasing other companies’ customer data. This is particularly an issue in the US, where federal laws governing the online data brokerage industry remain relatively permissible—creating huge revenue streams for companies like Meta, Google, and Amazon. Depending on whose hands the data troves fall into, the information can be used for everything from targeted advertising, to surveillance, to financial fraud.

[Related: How data brokers threaten your privacy.]

Disturbingly, researchers at Duke University’s Sanford School of Public Policy found US service members’ non-public, individually-identifying information such as credit scores, health data, marital status, children’s names, and religious practices—reportedly offered for sale through over 500 websites.

To test just how straightforward it can be to obtain the information, researchers first scraped hundreds of data broker sites for terms like “military” and “veteran.” They then contacted a number of these companies—some of which used .org and .asia domain names—via email, phone, Google Voice, and Zoom. The study authors eventually were able to purchase the personal data of almost 50,000 service members, and data about veterans, for barely $10,000. The team also noted that, in some instances, individuals’ current location data was available to purchase, although the authors did not do that.

Many brokers required little-to-no verification or proof of identity information before selling their sensitive data caches. In one instance, a company told researchers they needed to confirm their identity before purchasing military data via a credit card, unless the Duke University team opted to pay through a wire transfer—which they then did.

[Related: Your car could be capturing data on your sex life.]

This “highly unregulated” ecosystem is ripe for exploitation, write the study authors, and could be used by “foreign and malicious actors to target active-duty military personnel, veterans, and their families and acquaintances for profiling, blackmail, targeting with information campaigns, and more.” As NBC News also notes, foreign actors could use such data to identify and approach individuals for access to state secrets via blackmail, coercion, or bribery.

Like many tech industry critics, privacy advocates, and bipartisan politicians before them, the study’s authors stressed the need for comprehensive US data privacy oversight featuring “strong controls on the data brokerage ecosystem.” A handful of states, including California and Massachusetts, have passed or are considering individual data regulatory legislation, but a US federal law remains elusive. Researchers reference the American Data Privacy and Protection Act as a potential roadmap; Congress proposed the bill in 2022, but has yet to reintroduce it this session.

The study also cites the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) as another example of a strenuous, comprehensive approach to protecting online privacy. Passed in 2016 and enforced in 2018, the GDPR guards against many of the digital security problems faced by US residents.

Harvesting American data isn’t just a third-party broker issue, however. According to a partially declassified 2022 report released earlier this year by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, agencies including the CIA, FBI, and NSA consistently purchase citizens’ commercially available information from data brokers with little regulation or oversight.

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Tired of paying increasingly hefty monthly subscription fees for your streaming services, only to scroll nearly as long as a movie’s runtime just to find something to watch? Well, your choices are only going to expand thanks to NASA’s new streaming channel. But at least when NASA+ launches on November 8, it won’t come with any fees or commercials.

The commercial free on-demand platform will be available via the NASA App on iOS and Android devices, web browsers, as well as through Roku, Apple TV, and Fire TV. The ever-expanding catalog will include live coverage of launch events and missions, original videos, and multiple new series.

[Related: NASA’s first asteroid-return sample is a goldmine of life-sustaining materials.]

“We’re putting space on demand and at your fingertips with NASA’s new streaming platform,” Marc Etkind, NASA Headquarters’ Office of Communications associate administrator, said earlier this year. “Transforming our digital presence will help us better tell the stories of how NASA explores the unknown in air and space, inspires through discovery, and innovates for the benefit of humanity.”

Check out trailers for some of the first series to hit NASA+ this month:

NASA Explorers will offer viewers a multi-episode look at the agency’s recently concluded, seven-year OSIRIS-REx mission. Completed in September, OSIRIS-REx successfully returned samples collected in space from Bennu, a 4.5 billion-year-old asteroid traveling across the cosmos since the dawn of the solar system.

Other Worlds will focus on the latest updates and news from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) program. Launched in 2021 following a 17-year-long development on Earth followed by a six-month orbital tune up, the JWST provides researchers with some of the most spectacular glimpses of space ever achieved. Over the course of its decade-long lifespan, the JWST aims to capture information and imagery from over 13.5 billion years ago—when some of the universe’s earliest galaxies and stars began to form.

And for those looking to just bask in cosmic majesty, Space Out will allow viewers to do just that alongside “relaxing music and ultra-high-definition visuals of the cosmos, from the surface of Mars to a Uranian sunset.”

[Related: Moon-bound Artemis III spacesuits have some functional luxury sewn in.]

“From exoplanet research to better understanding Earth’s climate and the influence of the Sun on our planet along with exploration of the solar system, our new science and flagship websites, as well as forthcoming NASA+ videos, showcases our discovery programs in an interdisciplinary and crosscutting way, ultimately building stronger connections with our visitors and viewers,” Nicky Fox, associate administrator of NASA Headquarters’ Science Mission Directorate, said over the summer.

NASA+ comes as the space agency nears a scheduled 2025 return to the lunar surface as part of its ongoing Artemis program. When humans touch down on the moon for the first time in over 50 years, they apparently will do so in style, with both Prada-designed spacesuits and high-tech lunar cameras.

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There’s an aviation term called the “death spiral”—when pilots’ skewed sensory perceptions contradict the accurate readings on their instruments, causing confusion and leading to bad course corrections. As the name implies, this often leads to tragic consequences—many experts believe such an issue contributed to John F. Kennedy, Jr.’s fatal crash in 1999, as well as the 1959 tragedy that killed Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper. Disorientation was also one of the causes in the 2021 helicopter crash that claimed Kobe Bryant’s life.

[Related: How pilots end up in a ‘death spiral’ ]

Such a scenario is terrifying enough on its own—but imagine a similar situation while floating in the vacuum of space. With no gravitational pull and few, if any, points of reference, working in such an environment could quickly become disorienting and potentially dangerous as astronauts lose their sense of direction.

Although NASA astronauts receive copious training to guard against spatial disorientation, the issue is still a huge concern, especially as private companies increasingly expand their own projects with both space tourism and governmental contracts. Thanks to a team of researchers, however, wearable sensors enhanced by vibrotactile feedback might one day help keep astronauts feeling grounded.

[Related: This US astronaut will have spent an entire year in orbit.]

“Long duration spaceflight will cause many physiological and psychological stressors which will make astronauts very susceptible to spatial disorientation,” Vivekanand P. Vimal, a research scientist at Brandeis University’s Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Lab, explained in a recent profile. “When disoriented, an astronaut will no longer be able to rely on their own internal sensors which they have depended on for their whole lives.”

To explore these issues, Vimal and their colleagues conducted a series of trials involving 30 participants. The team taught 10 of them to treat their vestibular senses (which pick up onwhere they are in space and where they are going) with skepticism. Another 10 volunteers received the same training alongside the addition of vibrotactors—devices attached to their skin that buzz depending on their geospatial positioning. The final 10 participants only received the vibrotactors with no training whatsoever. Subjects then wore blindfolds and earplugs while white noise played in the background, and took their place inside an intentionally disorienting “multi-axis rotation device” (dubbed MARS).

Similar to an inverted pendulum, MARS first rotated upright subjects from side-to-side around a central axis to act as an analog to everyday gravitational cues on Earth. Subjects then used two joysticks to attempt to remain stabilized without swinging into either side’s crash boundary. A second phase involved the same parameters, but with the cockpit shifted on a horizontal angle (with the participants facing the ceiling) to better approximate a space environment without Earth’s gravitational reference points. Throughout each subject’s 40 trials, vibrotactors on 20 of the 30 participants buzzed if they shifted too far from a central balancing point, thus potentially queuing them to correct their position with their joysticks.

Vimal, alongside co-authors Alexander Sacha Panic, James R. Lackner, and Paul DiZio, published the results in a new study published on November 3 with Frontiers in Physiology. According to the team’s findings, all participants first felt disoriented during the analog tests due to conflicting input from their vestibular systems and vibrotactors. Those with prior training with their sensors performed best during the space phase, while training-only participants without the wearables “crashed” more often. This third group also accidentally destabilized themselves more frequently than the other two. However, the subjects performed far better while situated in the Earth analog position, with or without the vibrotactors’ aid—Vimal’s team suspects the devices may have been too weak, or participants needed more time to adjust to the devices. 

[Related: ISS astronauts are building objects not possible on Earth.]

With further testing and refinement, Vimal’s team believes engineers could integrate similar wearables into astronauts’ suits to provide orientation aid, both inside spacecraft and outside space stations. They may be small additions, but they are some that could save explorers from some very serious, scary, and possibly even fatal circumstances.

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The Beatles have released their first song in over 50 years, produced in part using artificial intelligence. Based on a demo cassette tape recorded by John Lennon at his New York City home in 1978, “Now and Then” will be the last track to ever feature original contributions from all four members of the band. Check it out below:

The Beatles dominated pop culture throughout the 60’s before parting ways in 1970 following their final full-length album, Let It Be. Following John Lennon’s assassination in 1980, two additional lost songs, “Real Love” and “Free as a Bird” were recorded and released in 1995 using old demos of Lennon’s vocals. Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr are the two surviving members after George Harrison’s death from lung cancer in 2001. 

Beatles fans have anticipated the release of the seminal band’s “final” song with a mix of excitement and caution ever since Sir Paul McCartney revealed the news back in June. Unlike other groups’ “lost” tracks or recording sessions, the new single featured John Lennon’s vocals “extracted” and enhanced using an AI program. In this case, a neural network designed to isolate individual voices identified Lennon’s voice, then set about “re-synthesizing them in a realistic way that matched trained samples of those instruments or voices in isolation,” explained Ars Technica earlier this year.

[Related: New Beatles song to bring John Lennon’s voice back, with a little help from AI.]

By combining the isolated tape audio alongside existing vocal samples, the AI ostensibly layers over weaker recording segments with synthesized approximations of the voice. “It’s not quite Lennon, but it’s about as close as you can get,” PopSci explained at the time.

The Beatles’ surviving members, McCartney and Ringo Starr, first learned of the AI software during the production of Peter Jackson’s 2021 documentary project, The Beatles: Get Back. Dubbed MAL, the program conducted similar vocal isolations of whispered or otherwise muddied conversions between band members, producers, and friends within hours of footage captured during Get Back’s recording sessions. 

[Related: Scientists made a Pink Floyd cover from brain scans]

Attempts to record “Now and Then” date as far back as the 1990s. In a past interview, McCartney explained that George Harrison refused to contribute to the project at the time, due to Lennon’s vocal recordings sounding like, well, “fucking rubbish.” His words.

And listening to the track, it’s somewhat easy to understand Harrison’s point of view. While compositionally fine, “Now and Then” feels like more of a b-side than a beloved new single from The Beatles. Even with AI’s help, Lennon’s “vocals” contrast strongly against the modern instrumentation, and occasionally still sounds warbly and low-quality. Still, if nothing else, it is certainly an interesting usage of rapidly proliferating AI technology—and certainly a sign of divisive creative projects to come.

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The government’s ongoing campaign to investigate and destigmatize unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs) sightings entered its latest stage this week. A new, easy-to-use online reporting tool is available to file incidents occurring as far back as 1945—but only for those already affiliated with the US government. For now.

Announced on October 31 by the Department of Defense, the system will be overseen by the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), and is specifically equipped to securely handle sightings involving national security information and military intelligence. The form is only intended for “current and former military members, federal employees and contractors” with “direct knowledge” of alleged US programs related to UAPs.

[Related: NASA wants to use AI to study unidentified aerial phenomena.]

The submission portal includes specific instructions for filing, and specifically prohibits including classified information in an initial report. That said, the AARO is cleared to handle sensitive material, which can be conveyed in potential follow-up interviews.

“The information you submit in the form will be protected,” AARO director Sean Kirkpatrick said via this week’s DoD announcement, adding that any information provided in subsequent follow-up interviews will also be safeguarded according to its proper classification. Any reports must also be firsthand accounts.

Established in July 2022, AARO formed following the dissolution of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force. Per its official description, it is charged with “minimiz[ing] technical and intelligence surprise by synchronizing scientific, intelligence, and operational detection identification, attribution, and mitigation of unidentified anomalous phenomena in the vicinity of national security areas.” AARO released its second annual UAP report earlier this year, which dramatically increased the number of documented sightings from 144 to 510 incidents—including 247 from the previous year alone.

AARO’s latest announcement also importantly notes that, although part of its congressional mandate required collecting information regarding “any potential UAP-related programs overseen by the U.S. government in the past,” it has yet to do so.

“We do have a requirement by law to bring those [witnesses] who think that it does exist, and they may have information that pertains to that,” Kirkpatrick said, while also making clear they “do not have any of that evidence right now.”

[Related: Is the truth out there? Decoding the Pentagon’s latest UFO report.]

As AARO currently concerns itself predominantly with classified reports, NASA is continuing its own parallel investigations into declassified and public UAP sightings. In September 2023, the 16-member panel released a new independent study report, which recommended harnessing public trust of the agency alongside artificial intelligence programs to help sift through decades’ worth of UAP incidents.

But if you’re a plainclothes civilian still needing to get that one weird sighting off your chest, take heart: AARO is also planning to launch a similar public portal sometime in the near future.

“We want to hear from you,” said Kirkpatrick.

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The wind energy company Ørsted has officially shuttered plans for two New Jersey offshore wind farms, citing rising inflation, interest rates, and supply chain problems. The blow to US green energy infrastructure arrives less than two weeks after the Danish wind industry giant promised to pay the Garden State a $100 million penalty if its Ocean Wind I turbines weren’t online by the end of 2025. But although the company’s plans off the coast of Atlantic City are canceled, similar projects are still underway across the US as the country transitions towards a sustainable energy infrastructure.

“We are extremely disappointed to have to take this decision, particularly because New Jersey is poised to be a US and global hub for offshore wind energy,” David Hardy, Ørsted Group EVP and CEO Americas, said in an October 31 statement. “I want to thank Governor Murphy and NJ state and local leaders who helped support these projects and continue to lead the region in developing American renewable energy and jobs.”

[Related: Atlantic City’s massive offshore wind farm project highlights the industry’s growing pains.]

According to the Associated Press on Tuesday, however, NJ Gov. Phil Murphy had strong words for the company, citing Ørsted’s recent statements “regarding the viability and progress of the Ocean Wind I project.”

“Today’s decision by Ørsted to abandon its commitments to New Jersey is outrageous and calls into question the company’s credibility and competence,” added Gov. Murphy per the AP. He also hinted at impending plans to pursue an additional $200 million Ørsted reportedly pledged for the state’s offshore wind industry. In the meantime, Gov. Murphy reiterated New Jersey’s commitment to offshore wind infrastructure, and said the state will solicit a new round of project proposals in the near future.

Both Ocean Wind endeavors had faced intense scrutiny and pushback from both Republican state legislators and locals, who criticized the farms’ alleged ecological impacts, ocean horizon views, as well as the millions of dollars in subsidies granted to Ørsted. Earlier this month, Ørsted received a lawsuit filed on behalf of an environmental group called Clean Ocean Action alongside multiple seafood and fishing organizations. In May 2023, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management released an over 2,300 page Final Environmental Impact Statement on Ocean Wind 1, which deemed it responsibly designed and safe for the region’s ecological health.

If completed, Ocean Wind I would have included nearly 100 giant turbines roughly 15 miles off the southeast coast of Atlantic City, New Jersey. Once online, the farm would have annually generated 1.1 gigawatts of energy—enough to power over 500,000 homes. Ocean Wind II was slated for construction next to its sibling wind farm, and would have offered similar energy outputs.

[Related: Watch a heavy-lifting drone land a perfect delivery on an offshore wind turbine.]

While the Danish company’s plans in New Jersey are dashed, America’s wind farm buildup is still progressing elsewhere—and Ørsted remains a part of that trajectory. The same day as its Ocean Wind announcement, the company confirmed it is moving forward with a $4 billion project, Revolution Wind, off the coast of Rhode Island. If completed, the offshore wind farm will supply clean energy for residents in both Rhode Island and Connecticut.

Meanwhile, a utility company called Dominion Energy received crucial federal approval on Tuesday for plans to construct 176 turbines over 20 miles off the coast of Virginia. Dominion claims the project is the largest offshore project in the US, and will generate enough energy for nearly 660,000 homes upon its estimated late-2026 completion date. According to a 2015 report from the US Department of Energy, wind farms could supply over a third of US electricity by 2050.

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European users can soon enjoy an ad-free Facebook and Instagram experience—for a price. On October 30, the platforms’ parent company, Meta, announced that residents of the EU, European Economic Area (EEA), and Switzerland will be able to opt into the new, premium service beginning in November.

The cost for zero advertisements while accessing sites on a web browser will run 18-and-up users €9.99 (roughly $10.55) per month, while streamlined iOS and Android app options will cost €12.99 (about $13.72) per month. When enrolled, Facebook and Instagram users won’t see ads, nor will their data and online activities be used to customize any future advertising. Starting March 1, 2024, additional fees of €6 per month for the web and €8 per month for iOS and Android will also go into effect for every additional account listed in a user’s Account Center.

[Related: Meta fined record $1.3 billion for not meeting EU data privacy standards.]

According to The Wall Street Journal, Meta is also temporarily pausing all advertising for minors’ accounts on both platforms beginning on November 6, presumably while working on a separate premium tier option for those accounts. But even when anticipating potentially millions of dollars in additional monthly revenue, Meta made clear in its Monday blog post that it certainly hopes many users will stick to their current ad-heavy, free access.

“We believe in an ad-supported internet, which gives people access to personalized products and services regardless of their economic status,” reads a portion of the announcement, before arguing such an ecosystem “also allows small businesses to reach potential customers, grow their business and create new markets, driving growth in the European economy.”

The strategic shift arrives as the tech giant attempts to adhere with the EU’s comprehensive General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Digital Markets Act (DMA) laws. Passed in 2018, the GDPR is designed to protect EU consumers’ private digital information against an often invasive, highly profitable data industry. In particular, it grants European citizens the right to easily and clearly choose whether or not companies can track their online information such as geolocation, search preferences, social media activity, and spending habits. 

Meanwhile, the 2022 DMA establishes criteria for designation of large online platforms—i.e. Facebook and Instagram—as so-called “gatekeepers” beholden to greater consumer legal responsibilities. These include making sure third-parties’ interoperability within gatekeepers’ services, as well as allow smaller companies to fairly conduct business within and without a gatekeeper’s platform. Ostensibly, the DMA attempts to prevent monopolies from forming, thus avoiding thorny antitrust lawsuits such as the ongoing battle between the US government and Google. By offering the new (paid) opt-out, Meta likely believes it will hopefully reduce its chances of earning costly fines—such as a record $1.3 billion fine levied earlier this year.

[ Related: The Opt Out: The case against editing your ad settings ]

But if you’re expecting to see a similar premium subscription service announced for US users—don’t hold your breath. Although a number of states including Massachusetts, California, Virginia, and Colorado have begun passing piecemeal data protections, federal bipartisan legislation remains stalled. Companies like Meta therefore feel little pressure to offer Americans easy opt-out paths, even in the form of a monthly tithing.

For a truly ad-free experience, of course, there’s always the option of deleting your account.

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An autonomous drone with the wingspan of an albatross is now trialing cargo restocks for a giant offshore wind farm in the North Sea. Overseen by the Danish wind power company Ørsted, the 128-pound unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)—roughly the weight of “a large baby giraffe”—is meant to cut down on time and costs, while also improving overall operational safety, and is billed as the first of its kind in the world.

“Drones mean less work disturbance as turbines don’t have to be shut down when cargo is delivered,” Ørsted’s October 30 announcement states. “They avoid risk, making it safer for personnel working on the wind farm and minimize the need for multiple journeys by ship, reducing carbon emissions and climate change impacts.”

In a video posted to the social media platform, X, the hefty drone is shown launching from a cargo ship’s deck while towing a large orange bag suspended by a cable beneath the UAV. From there, the transport soars over a few hundred feet of North Sea waters to hover above one of Hornsea 1’s 7-megawatt wind turbines. Once in place, the drone carefully lands its cargo on the platform before releasing its tether to return to its crew transfer vessel, where human pilots have overseen the entire process.

While Ørsted didn’t name its drone partner in the project announcement, additional promotional materials provided by the company confirm it is a Skylift, a UK-based business focusing on offshore wind farm deliveries.

[Related: Atlantic City’s massive offshore wind farm project highlights the industry’s growing pains.]

“[W]e want to use our industry leading position to help push forward innovations that reduce costs and maximize efficiency and safety in the offshore wind sector,” Mikkel Haugaard Windolf, head of Ørsted’s offshore logistics project, said via the company’s October 30 reveal, adding that, “Drone cargo delivery is an important step in that direction.”

Ørsted’s Hornsea 1 wind farm consists of 174 turbines installed across over 157-square-miles in the North Sea. Generating roughly 1.7Gw of power, the farm’s electricity is enough to sustainably power over 1 million homes in the UK.

Despite the company’s multiple Hornsea wind farm successes, Ørsted has encountered significant setbacks during attempts to expand into the US market. Earlier this month, local officials in Cape May County, NJ, filed a lawsuit attempting to block construction of a 1.1 gigawatt project involving nearly 100 turbines off the coast of Atlantic City, citing regulatory sidesteps and environmental concerns. In an email to PopSci at the time, the American Clean Power Association’s Director of Eastern Region State Affairs described the lawsuit as “meritless,” and reiterated that offshore wind energy production remains “one of the most rigorously regulated industries in the nation.”

According to a 2015 report from the US Department of Energy, wind farms could supply over a third of the country’s sustainable electricity by 2050.

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Today, President Joe Biden signed a new, sweeping executive order outlining plans on governmental oversight and corporate regulation of artificial intelligence. Released on October 30, the legislation is aimed at addressing widespread issues such as privacy concerns, bias, and misinformation enabled by a multibillion dollar industry increasingly entrenching itself within modern society. Though the solutions so far remain largely conceptual, the White House’s Executive Order Fact Sheet makes clear US regulating bodies intend to both attempt to regulate and benefit from the wide range of emerging and re-branded “artificial intelligence” technologies.

[Related: Zoom could be using your ‘content’ to train its AI.]

In particular, the administration’s executive order seeks to establish new standards for AI safety and security. Harnessing the Defense Production Act, the order instructs companies to make their safety test results and other critical information available to US regulators whenever designing AI that could pose “serious risk” to national economic, public, and military security, though it is not immediately clear who would be assessing such risks and on what scale. However, safety standards soon to be set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology must be met before public release of any such AI programs.

Drawing the map along the way 

“I think in many respects AI policy is like running a decathlon, where we don’t get to pick and choose which events we do,” Ben Buchanan, the White House Senior Advisor for AI, told PopSci via phone call. “We have to do safety and security, we have to do civil rights and equity, we have to do worker protections, consumer protections, the international dimension, government use of AI, [while] making sure we have a competitive ecosystem here.”

“Probably some of [order’s] most significant actions are [setting] standards for AI safety, security, and trust. And then require that companies notify us of large-scale AI development, and that they share the tests of those systems in accordance with those standards,” says Buchanan. “Before it goes out to the public, it needs to be safe, secure, and trustworthy.”

Too little, too late?

Longtime critics of the still-largely unregulated AI tech industry, however, claim the Biden administration’s executive order is too little, too late.

“A lot of the AI tools on the market are already illegal,” Albert Fox Cahn, executive director for the tech privacy advocacy nonprofit, Surveillance Technology Oversight Project, said in a press release. Cahn contended the “worst forms of AI,” such as facial recognition, deserve bans instead of regulation.

“[M]any of these proposals are simply regulatory theater, allowing abusive AI to stay on the market,” he continued, adding that, “the White House is continuing the mistake of over-relying on AI auditing techniques that can be easily gamed by companies and agencies.”

Buchanan tells PopSci the White House already has a “good dialogue” with companies such as OpenAI, Meta, and Google, although they are “certainly expecting” them to “hold up their end of the bargain on the voluntary commitments that they made” earlier this year.

A long road ahead

In Monday’s announcement, President Biden also urged Congress to pass bipartisan data privacy legislation “to protect all Americans, especially kids,” from the risks of AI technology. Although some states including Massachusetts, California, Virginia, and Colorado have proposed or passed legislation, the US currently lacks comprehensive legal safeguards akin to the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Passed in 2018, the GDPR heavily restricts companies’ access to consumers’ private data, and can issue large fines if businesses are found to violate the law.

[Related: Your car could be capturing data on your sex life.]

The White House’s newest calls for data privacy legislation, however, “are unlikely to be answered,” Sarah Kreps, a professor of government and director of the Tech Policy Institute at Cornell University, tells PopSci via email. “… [B]oth parties agree that there should be action but can’t agree on what it should look like.”

A federal hiring push is now underway to help staff the numerous announced projects alongside additional funding opportunities, all of which can be found via the new governmental website portal, AI.gov.

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Virtual and augmented reality headsets are currently focused on visual experiences, but for a truly immersive environment, designers will need to integrate additional sensory inputs such as touch. Companies like Meta and HaptX are already testing iterations of VR/AR devices with haptic feedback support, but they currently remain clunky, heavy, and tethered to external power sources. There’s also the issue of price points: Meta’s Haptic Glove is estimated to cost around $15,000, while HaptX’s G1 sets owners back $6,000 alongside a $500 per month support fee.

But what if VR/AR systems could include a lightweight, form-fitting haptic glove that only requires lightweight batteries, all costing roughly two months’ of a G1 subscription? Fluid Reality is trying to make just such a device, well, a reality.

[Related: What’s the difference between VR and AR?]

The startup—spun out of the Future Interfaces Group at Carnegie Mellon University—unveiled their new device today, and hopes to offer a completely new approach to providing realistic haptic sensations for AR/VR environments. While many existing gloves rely on pneumatic designs to simulate touch, Fluid Reality’s wearable instead utilizes low-profile, self-contained motion-generating actuators that clip onto a user’s fingertips, all without the need for tubing or wiring connected to an external device. The entire array of components including a wireless controller, drive electronics, and rechargeable battery pack are strapped to the user’s hand and wrist, thus eliminating the need for a wired power source.

To simulate tactile sensations, the finger pads use liquid-like “pixels” powered by tiny electroosmotic valves—pumps controlled via the electric stimulation of fluid pressure and flow. The device is a solid state design, thus containing no moving components apart from the valve “pixels” themselves. Because each actuator is just 5mm thick, the pads are incredibly slim and far less bulky than existing haptic glove options.

In demonstration videos, wearers are shown manipulating 3D-simulated objects like a basketball, various shaped blocks, a water bottle, and a rock alongside the haptic finger clips’ responses. Depending on angle, pressure, and speed of movement, the electroosmotic-powered pixels can be seen inflating and deflating in realtime to approximate the real-life sensations.

Even with such seemingly precise responses, Fluid Reality’s prototype gloves are considerably smaller than options like the Meta Haptic Glove, both in terms of overall physical dimensions and pricing. According to the team, a Fluid Reality glove weighs less than half-a-pound, and could cost less than $1,000 per unit. In the designers’ research paper, the team concedes additional refinement is needed before the gloves can arrive on the market. Going forward, they hope to increase the density of haptic arrays on each finger pad, while also miniaturizing their drive electronics. Given humans’ entire hands are often employed in manipulating objects, Fluid Reality also wants future versions of the glove to include sensational abilities for regions such as the palms.

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When humans finally return to the moon as part of NASA’s Artemis program, they’ll arrive with a bevy of high-tech equipment to capture new, awe-inspiring glimpses of Earth’s satellite. But cameras have come a long way since the Apollo missions. In 2023, some incredibly advanced options are already almost moon-ready right off the shelf.

According to a recent update from the European Space Agency, engineers collaborating with NASA are finalizing a Handheld Universal Lunar Camera (HULC) with real-world testing in the rocky, lunar-esque vistas of Lanzarote, Spain. While resilient enough to travel to the moon, HULC’s underpinning tech derives from commercially available professional cameras featuring high light sensitivities and cutting-edge lenses. To strengthen the lunar documentation device, researchers needed to add a blanket casing that is durable enough to protect against ultra-fine moon dust, as well as the moon’s extreme temperature swings ranging between -208 and 250 degrees Fahrenheit. At the same time, the covering can’t impede usage, so designers also created a suite of ergonomic buttons compatible with astronaut spacesuits’ thick gloves.

[Related: Check out this Prada-designed Artemis III spacesuits.]

So far, HULC has snapped shots in near pitch-black volcanic caves, as well as in broad daylight to approximate the lunar surface’s vast spectrum of lighting possibilities. According to the ESA, HULC will also be the first mirrorless handheld camera used in space—such a design reportedly offers quality images in low light scenarios.

Even with the numerous alterations and adjustments, the HULC is still not quite ready for the Artemis III mission, currently scheduled for 2025. The ESA reports that at least one version of the camera will soon travel to the International Space Station for additional testing.

“We will continue modifying the camera as we move towards the Artemis III lunar landing,” Jeremy Myers, NASA lead on the HULC camera project, told the ESA on October 24. “I am positive that we will end up with the best product–a camera that will capture Moon pictures for humankind, used by crews from many countries and for many years to come.”

Images of Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong striding across the lunar surface during the Apollo 11 moonwalk instantly became iconic photographs in 1969, but they were only a preview of many more to come. Over the next three years, 10 more astronauts documented their visits to the moon using an array of video and photographic cameras. When humans finally return as part of the Artemis program, HULC will be in tow to capture new, awe-inspiring glimpses of Earth’s satellite.

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Have you ever left the house without a jacket on a balmy day, only to regret overestimating your chilly weather tolerance? Instead of dashing back home for your coat, there may come a time in the near future when you simply use an app to control your clothing’s level of insulation.

Created by researchers at MIT, FibeRobo is a cheap, programmable, shape-changing smart fiber reliant on a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE). Among their many uses, garments imbued with their new LCE fiber could adjust their structure to become more insulated in colder temperatures, and vice versa for warmer weather. With an additional ability to combine with electrically conductive threads, a wearer could directly control their FibeRobo clothing or medical wearables like compression garments via wireless inputs from a controller or smartphone.

[Related: The US wants to dress military in smart surveillance apparel.]

As detailed in a recent institute profile, LCEs are composed of molecules possessing liquid-like properties that can also arrange into periodic crystal formations once cool and inert. Importantly, the team’s new synthetic LCE can morph between its phases at safe, comfortable temperature levels—an industry first.

The result is a fiber capable of contracting when exposed to heat, and self-reversing as temperatures drop without any external sensors or interwoven components. What’s more, FibeRobo is flexible and strong enough to use within traditional manufacturing methods like embroidery, weaving looms, and knitting machines.

To make the new threads, engineers first designed a glue gun-like machine that slowly excretes heated LCE resin through a nozzle. The fiber is then cured for the first time using UV lights, submerged in oil, then cured once again using even stronger UV rays. After its manufacturing is complete, the LCE thread is spooled and dipped in a powder to make it easier to install textile production machines. According to MIT, the team can produce roughly a kilometer of usable fiber within a single day.

As proof of concepts, the MIT team used an industrial knitting machine to weave a Bluetooth-controlled compression dog jacket to help with anxiety, then tested the vest on one of the researchers’ pets. Another prototype served as an adaptive sports bra, with FibeRobo embroidery that tightened the fabric as its user began to exercise.

Going forward, the team wants to fine-tune their LCE’s composition to make it either biodegradable or recyclable, as well as simply the overall design.

“At the end of the day, you don’t want a diva fiber,”  Jack Forman, an MIT graduate student and paper lead author, said in a statement. “You want a fiber that, when you are working with it, falls into the ensemble of materials—one that you can work with just like any other fiber material, but then it has a lot of exciting new capabilities.”

While many current smart textile projects are trying to reinvent how a person can interact with their clothing–from interwoven sensors that interpret health data to “SMART ePANTS” that aid in surveillance and security–these apparel ventures perhaps may one day expand the number of garments in your closet. Meanwhile, this newest iteration may actually downsize your wardrobe.

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If the existence of a cheap, easy-to-use “Invisible Mask” device that generates a three-foot radius of protection against COVID-19 sounds too good to be true—well, that’s because it is. And the Federal Trade Commission is making sure nobody will continue to profit from this ruse.

Bogus science

According to an October 24 announcement, the FTC recently sued four defendants behind KW Tech, the company hawking the “1 Virus Buster Invisible Mask.” After “attach[ing] a small pouch of [unspecified] ingredients and hang[ing] the badge around the neck,” the Invisible Mask makers claimed it protected wearers against “99.9 percent of all viruses and bacteria,” including multiple variants of COVID-19. The Invisible Mask was marketed as effective in public spaces and crowded areas, as well as on public transit like buses and subways. After 30 days of use, KW Tech advised Invisible Mask owners to discard their device and purchase a new one.

[Related: How to avoid getting COVID again.]

Claiming to employ “a unique combination of compounds” from a design utilizing “IBM’s Quantum Computer,” the Virus Buster Invisible Mask was described as generating an invisible, three-foot “protective gaseous barrier” using something called “ion exchange science.”

“When certain ions collide with other ions, a reaction takes place. This reaction omits [sic] an invisible gas, the point of collision,” KW Tech’s website falsely claimed, as cited in the FTC complaint. “Lighter than air, this gas collects in a tight area close to your face and neck. When this thin layer of gas gets in contact with floating elements like common germs, viruses, and pathogens, it kills them before they are able to get into the nose, mouth, and eye.”

Though this may sound entirely like a word salad, a real technique called “ion exchange” exists, often used to extract mineral impurities from drinking water. However, it requires a physical filter, such as a resin, to collect impurities, and isn’t used against germs. A gas that is lighter than air would diffuse, rise, and not hang out near someone’s mouth.

They’ve been warned before

For $29.99, customers received their Invisible Mask alongside a fake “Certificate of Registration” featuring an image of the FDA logo. Perhaps unsurprisingly, KW Tech never received any approvals from the regulatory body, according to the FTC. Despite “no reliable scientific evidence” supporting their claims, makers of the Invisible Mask continued to deceptively peddle their product, even though they vowed to stop after receiving an FTC warning letter in July 2020—amassing “at least” $100,000 in gross revenue from sales in the process since the FTC’s initial admonishment.

Three of the four defendants have already agreed to settle the complaint, which entails a ban on “advertising, promoting, or selling any product claiming to prevent or treat COVID-19, unless the claims are true and supported by scientific evidence.” The order also bars them from misrepresenting government approval claims for products, alongside a $150,000 penalty.

“The defendants’ claims that their products can stand in for approved COVID-19 vaccines are bogus,” Samuel Levine, Director of the FTC’s Bureau of Consumer Protection, said via the October 24 announcement. “The FTC will use every tool it has at its disposal to stop false and unsubstantiated health claims that endanger consumers.”

Experts continue to agree that proper masking, social distance guidelines, vaccines, and boosters remain the best preventative measures against the contraction and spread of COVID-19.

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If you’ve ever spent time on a beach in the Gulf of Mexico or the Caribbean, there is a solid chance you stumbled across a slimy mass of stinky, sulfurous-smelling seaweed. The specific marine plant in question during those gross encounters is likely sargassum—while helpful for absorbing CO2, sargassum is also incredibly invasive, and can wreak havoc on both shoreline and ocean ecosystems. Cleanup efforts can cost tens of thousands of dollars while disrupting both tourist and fishing industries, but a recent aquatic robot project is showing immense promise in alleviating sargassum stress. In fact, AlgaRay’s recent successes have even earned it a spot on Time’s Best Inventions of 2023.

Co-designed by Seaweed Generation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to utilizing the versatile plant to help mitigate and remove carbon emissions, an AlgaRay prototype is currently patrolling off the coasts of Antigua. There, the roughly 9-foot-wide robot scoops up clumps of sargassum until its storage capacity is filled, at which point the autonomous bot dives 200m below the surface.

[Related: Rocks may be able to release carbon dioxide as well as store it.]

At this depth, the air pockets that make sargassum leaves so buoyant are so compressed by the water pressure that it simply can’t float anymore. Once released by AlgaRay, the seaweed then sinks to the ocean floor. According to a new writeup by Seaweed Generation’s partners at the University of Exeter, the robot can repeat this process between four and six times every hour. And thanks to a combination of solar panels, lithium batteries, and navigational tools connected to Starlink’s satellite internet constellation, AlgaRay will “ultimately be able to work almost non-stop,” reports the University of Exeter.

Of course, ocean ecosystems are complex and delicate balancing acts at any depth. AlgaRay’s designers are well aware of this, and assure its potential additional ocean floor CO2 deposits won’t be carried out recklessly. Additionally, they note sargassum blooms—exacerbated by human ecological disruption—are already causing major issues across the world.

“Sargassum inundations… cause environmental, social and economic disruption across the Caribbean, Central US and West African regions,” Seaweed Generation CEO Paddy Estridge and Chief of Staff Blythe Taylor, explain on the organization’s website. “Massive influxes of seaweed wash ashore and rot, releasing not just the absorbed CO2 but hydrogen sulfide gasses, decimating fragile coastal ecosystems including mangroves and seagrass meadows and killing countless marine animals.”

[Related: The US is investing more than $1 billion in carbon capture, but big oil is still involved.]

Estridge and Taylor write that humans “need to tread carefully” when it comes to depositing biomass within the deep ocean to ensure there are no “negative impacts or implications on the surrounding environment and organisms.” At the same time, researchers already know sargassum naturally dies and sinks to the bottom of the ocean.

Still, “we can’t assume either a positive or negative impact to sinking sargassum, so a cautious pathway and detailed monitoring has been built into our approach,” Estridge and Taylor write. “The scale of our operations are such that we can measure any change to the ocean environment on the surface, mid or deep ocean. Right now, and for the next few years our operations are literally a drop in the ocean (or a teaspoon of Sargassum per m2).”

As the name might imply, the AlgaRay is inspired by manta rays, which glide through ocean waters while using their mouths to filter and eat algae. In time, future iterations of the robot could even rival manta rays’ massive sizes. A nearly 33-foot-wide version is in the works to collect upwards of 16 metric tons of seaweed at a time—equal to around two metric tons of CO2. With careful monitoring of deep sea repositories, fleets of AlgaRay robots could soon offer an efficient, creative means to remove CO2 from the atmosphere.

“The [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]  has been very clear that we need to be able to remove (not offset, remove) 10 billion [metric tons] of carbon a year from the atmosphere by 2050 to have a hope of avoiding utter catastrophe for all people and all earth life,” write Estridge and Taylor. Knowing this, AlgaRay bots may be a key ally for helping meet that goal. If nothing else, perhaps some beaches will be a little less overrun with rotting seaweed every year. 

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Chicken feathers, much like human hair and fingernails, are composed mostly of a tough protein called keratin. And like with your own hair and nails, the birds produce a lot of feathers over the course of their lives. Generally speaking, this isn’t a big issue—but it’s another matter for the food industry. Each year, approximately 40 million metric tons of chicken feathers are incinerated during the poultry production process, releasing harmful fumes like carbon and sulfur dioxide.

Finding a new use for all those feathers could dramatically cut down on food waste and pollution, and a team of researchers may have figured out what to do with them: turn feathers into a vital component of green hydrogen fuel cells.

[Related: Why you should build a swing for your chickens.]

As detailed in a new paper published via ACS Applied Materials & Sciences, scientists from ETH Zurich and Nanyang Technological University Singapore (NTU) have developed a method to extract feathers’ keratin and spin it into thin fibers called amyloid fibrils. From there, these fibrils can be installed as a hydrogen fuel cell’s vital semipermeable membrane. Traditionally composed of highly poisonous “forever chemicals,” these membranes allow protons to pass through while excluding electrons. The blocked electrons are then forced to travel via an external circuit from negative anodes to positive cathode, thus creating electricity.

“Our latest development closes a cycle: [we took] a substance that releases CO2 and toxic gasses when burned, and used it in a different setting,” Raffaele Mezzenga, a professor of food and soft materials at ETH Zurich, said in a recent university profile. “With our new technology, it not only replaces toxic substances, but also prevents the release of CO2, decreasing the overall carbon footprint cycle.”

According to researchers, the keratin-derived membranes are already cheaper to produce in a lab setting than existing synthetic hydrogen fuel cell membranes, and hope similar savings will translate to mass production. The team has applied for a joint patent, and is now looking for partners and investors to make the product publicly available. Still, a number of hurdles remain for the fuel cells to become truly viable renewable energy sources. While hydrogen cells’ only emissions are heat and water, the power that actually helps generate their electricity still largely stems from natural gas sources like methane. Such a reliance arguably undercuts hydrogen fuel cells’ promise of green energy.

But even there, chicken feathers could once again come to the rescue. The keratin membranes reportedly also show promise in the electrolysis portion of hydrogen energy production, when direct current travels through water to split the molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.

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Against all odds and expectations, both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are still going strong after nearly half a century of hurtling through—and far past—the solar system. To help boost the potential for the probes’ continued operations, engineers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory have beamed out two software updates across the billions of miles separating them from the historic spacecraft. If successful, the pair of interstellar travelers could gain at least another five years’ worth of life, if not more.

On October 20, NASA announced plans to transmit a software patch to protect Voyager 1 and 2 against a glitch that occurred within the former’s system last year. In May 2022, NASA started noticing inaccurate readings coming from Voyager 1’s attitude articulation and control system (AACS). A few months later, engineers determined the AACS was accidentally writing commands into memory instead of actually performing them.

Although engineers successfully resolved an original data issue within Voyager 1 in 2022, the new patch will hopefully ensure such a problem won’t arise again in either probe. Receiving the patch will take over 18 hours to reach transmitters; Voyager 2 will get the patch first to serve as a “testbed for its twin” in case of unintended consequences like accidentally overwriting essential code. Given Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are respectively 15 billion and 12 billion miles from Earth, engineers consider the farther craft’s data more valuable, as it still remains the farthest traveling human-made object. The NASA-JPL team will issue a command on October 28 to test the patch’s efficacy.

[Related: The secret to Voyagers’ spectacular space odyssey.]

The second planned tune-up for Voyager 1 and 2 involves the small thrusters responsible for controlling the probes’ communication antennas. According to NASA, spacecraft can generally rotate in three directions—left and right, up and down, as well as wheellike around a central axis. During these movements, propellant automatically flows through incredibly narrow “inlet tubes” to maintain the antennas’ contact with Earth.

But each time the propellant is used, miniscule residue can stick within the inlet tubings—while not much at first, that buildup is becoming problematic after the Voyager probes’ (many) decades’ of life. To slow the speed of buildup, engineers have edited the probes’ operational commands to allow both craft the ability to rotate nearly 1 degree farther in each available direction. This will reduce how often their thrusters need to fire. When engineers do need to enable thrusters, they now plan to fire them for longer periods of time, thus reducing the overall number of usages. 

[Related: How is Voyager’s vintage technology still flying?]

“This far into the mission, the engineering team is being faced with a lot of challenges for which we just don’t have a playbook,” Linda Spilker, Voyager mission project scientist, said via NASA’s update. “But they continue to come up with creative solutions.”

Experts estimate both the fuel lines and software adjustments could extend the Voyager program’s lifespan by another five years. According to NASA, however, “additional steps in the coming years to extend the lifetime of the thrusters even more.”

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Tech support scams are some of the most common methods of fraud, particularly targeting older demographics. Usually imitating a legitimate company’s customer service or IT department, tech support scammers trick victims into granting access to their computers, which they then use to extract payments. Last year, over 32,000 victims reported a cumulative loss of nearly $806.5 million stemming from just such fraud schemes. At least some reprieve may be coming for consumers, thanks to a collaborative effort by Microsoft, Amazon, and the Indian government.

On October 19, India’s Central Bureau Investigation (CBI) announced the completion of Operation Chakra-II, which involved 76 raids targeting illegal call centers located within several states across the country. According to an official CBI post on X, cyber criminals impersonated both Amazon and Microsoft customer support representatives, impacting over 2,000 customers—mostly in the US, but also in Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, and the UK.

[Related: Fakes, rumors, and scams: PopSci’s fall issue is unreal.]

The scammers in question used a combination of cold calls and pop-up ads claiming to detect technical issues on a the victims’ computers and instructing them to call a toll-free number. After a variable amount of cajoling, scammers were then sometimes granted remote access to an individual’s computer. Then, they convinced some users to pay hundreds of dollars for unnecessary services under the “pretense of non-existing problems,” per the CBI.

In a blog post last week, Amazon confirmed Operation Chakra-II marked the first time the company collaborated with Microsoft to combat tech support fraud. “We are pleased to join forces with Microsoft, and we believe actionable partnerships like these are critical in helping protect consumers from impersonation scams,” Kathy Sheehan, vice president and associate general counsel of Amazon’s Business Conduct & Ethics, said via the announcement. Sheehan went on to stress “we cannot win this fight alone,” and encouraged other Big Tech industry heavyweights to “join us as a united front against criminal activity.”

“We firmly believe that partnerships like these are not only necessary but pivotal in creating a safer online ecosystem and in extending our protective reach to a larger number of individuals,” Amy Hogan-Burney, Microsoft’s Associate General Counsel for Microsoft Cybersecurity Policy & Protection, echoed in a separate statement.

Microsoft currently hosts a site reviewing the most popular versions of tech support scams, along with providing users with means to report and combat bad actors. According to a tutorial video from the Microsoft Security team, Microsoft reiterates that no reputable tech company will ever contact users via phone, email, or text message claiming to detect issues with a device. 

As Microsoft’s video also explains, scammers often also rely on scare tactics to pressure victims into falling prey to their schemes. Once access is granted to a device, the con artists can plant malware or even steal users’ personal information. Both regularly checking for devices’ software updates, as well as reporting fraud attempts can help deter and combat scammers.

In addition to tried-and-true scamming techniques, fraud rings are increasingly turning to more sophisticated methods while targeting victims. Earlier this year, a mother in Arizona reported scammers utilized AI voice-cloning technology to mimic her daughter’s voice while attempting to extract a fake kidnapping ransom.

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Researchers are training robots to perform an ever-growing number of tasks through trial-and-error reinforcement learning, which is often laborious and time-consuming. To help out, humans are now enlisting large language model AI to speed up the training process. In a recent experiment, this resulted in some incredibly dexterous albeit simulated robots.

A team at NVIDIA Research directed an AI protocol powered by OpenAI’s GPT-4 to teach a simulation of a robotic hand nearly 30 complex tasks, including tossing a ball, pushing blocks, pressing switches, and some seriously impressive pen-twirling abilities.

[Related: These AI-powered robot arms are delicate enough to pick up Pringles chips.]

NVIDIA’s new Eureka “AI agent” utilizes GPT-4 by asking the large language model (LLM) to write its own reward-based reinforcement learning software code. According to the company, Eureka doesn’t need intricate prompting or even pre-written templates; instead, it simply begins honing a program, then adheres to any subsequent external human feedback.

In the company’s announcement, Linxi “Jim” Fan, a senior research scientist at NVIDIA, described Eureka as a “unique combination” of LLMs and GPU-accelerated simulation programming. “We believe that Eureka will enable dexterous robot control and provide a new way to produce physically realistic animations for artists,” Fan added.

Judging from NVIDIA’s demonstration video, a Eureka-trained robotic hand can pull off pen spinning tricks to rival, if not beat, extremely dextrous humans. 

After testing its training protocol within an advanced simulation program, Eureka then analyzes its collected data and directs the LLM to further improve upon its design. The end result is a virtually self-iterative AI protocol capable of successfully encoding a variety of robotic hand designs to manipulate scissors, twirl pens, and open cabinets within a physics-accurate simulated environment.

Eureka’s alternatives to human-written trial-and-error learning programs aren’t just effective—in most cases, they’re actually better than those authored by humans. In the team’s open-source research paper findings, Eureka-designed reward programs outperformed humans’ code in over 80 percent of the tasks—amounting to an average performance improvement of over 50 percent in the robotic simulations.

[Related: How researchers trained a budget robot dog to do tricks.]

“Reinforcement learning has enabled impressive wins over the last decade, yet many challenges still exist, such as reward design, which remains a trial-and-error process,” Anima Anandkumar, senior director of AI research at NVIDIA’s senior director of AI research and one of the Eureka paper’s co-authors, said in the company’s announcement. “Eureka is a first step toward developing new algorithms that integrate generative and reinforcement learning methods to solve hard tasks.”

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First officially unveiled back in 2019, Tesla’s electric Cybertruck impressed and amused the public with its angular, “Blade Runner-inspired” design and purported features including reinforced glass, stainless steel body, and a lack of door handles. Although originally slated to arrive in reservation holders’ driveways in 2021, the EV release faced numerous delays exacerbated by COVID-19 pandemic supply chain issues. This week, however, Elon Musk said Tesla’s long-delayed Cybertruck will finally roll off the company’s Giga Texas lot on November 30, when Tesla is now scheduled to begin delivery. However, the company’s CEO cautioned investors against early celebrations.

During the company’s Q3 earnings call on October 18, Musk stressed that both customers and shareholders should “temper expectations,” particularly for the Cybertruck’s initial profitability. Tesla faced various challenges with scaling and ramping up production. Musk went as far as to say, “we dug our own grave with Cybertruck” during the vehicle’s multi-year hype campaign.

[Related: Tesla’s Cybertruck is the latest lofty promise in the world of electric pickups.]

“Cybertruck is one of those special products that comes along only once in a long while. And special products that come along once in a long while are just incredibly difficult to bring to market to reach volume, to be prosperous,” Musk opined, as reported by The Verge on Wednesday.

The Cybertruck base model was initially estimated at $39,900 in 2019, but Tesla is expected to announce updated pricings during its November 30 release event. No price ranges are currently available on Tesla’s website, but customers can still put down a refundable $100 deposit for a Cybertruck with the promise to “complete your configuration as production nears.”

In the meantime, multiple companies have released their own electric truck options, including the Ford F-150 Lightning and Rivian’s R1T. During this week’s Tesla earnings call, the company stated that it had the capacity to produce more than 125,000 Cybertrucks annually. Musk said he saw a potential for Tesla to produce 250,000 Cybertrucks in 2025. Musk said that more than one million people have reserved the Cybertruck so far.

[Related: Here is what a Tesla Cybertruck cop car could look like.]

The product may not be ready, but the concept keeps iterating itself. In September, Oracle co-founder Larry Ellison teased concept art for a Cybertruck cop car including EV’s recognizable design beneath red and blue emergency lights, a bull bar, and multiple Oracle logos. “Our next generation police car is coming out very soon,” Ellison, a “close friend” of Musk, said during his presentation at the data service giant’s CloudWork conference to audible murmurs in the crowd. “It’s my favorite police car. It’s my favorite car, actually. It’s Elon’s favorite car.”

Musk’s desire to release an electric pickup truck dates as far back as 2012, when he tweeted he “would love make a Tesla supertruck with crazy torque, dynamic air suspension and corners [sic] like its on rails.”

“That’d be sweet…,” he added at the time.

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Back in 2015, the US Department of Energy estimated wind farms could supply over a third of the nation’s electricity by 2050. Since then, numerous wind turbine projects have been green-lit offshore and across the country. However, when it comes to building, it can get tricky, like in the case of a planned wind farm 15 miles off the southeast coast of Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Danish wind farm company Ørsted recently promised to cut New Jersey a $100 million check if the company’s massive Ocean Wind 1 offshore turbines weren’t up and running by the end of 2025. Less than a week after the wager, however, officials in the state’s southernmost county have filed a US District Court lawsuit to nix the 1.1 gigawatt project involving nearly 100 turbines, alleging regulatory sidesteps and ecological concerns.

[Related: The NY Bight could write the book on how we build offshore wind farms.]

According to the Associated Press, Cape May County government’s October 16 lawsuit also names the Clean Ocean Action environmental group alongside multiple seafood and fishing organizations as plaintiffs. The filing against both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management claims that the Ocean Wind 1 project sidestepped a dozen federal legal requirements, as well as failed to adequately investigate offshore wind farms’ potential environmental and ecological harms. However, earlier this year, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management released its over 2,300 page Final Environmental Impact Statement on Ocean Wind 1, which concluded the project is responsibly designed and adequately protects the region’s ecological health.

An Ørsted spokesperson declined to comment on the lawsuit for PopSci, but related the company “remains committed to collaboration with local communities, and will continue working to support New Jersey’s clean energy targets and economic development goals by bringing good-paying jobs and local investment to the Garden State.”

[Related: A wind turbine just smashed a global energy record—and it’s recyclable.]

Wind turbine farm companies, Ørsted included, have faced numerous issues in recent years thanks to supply chain bottleneck issues, soaring construction costs, and legal challenges such as the latest from Cape May County. Earlier this year, Ørsted announced its US-based projects are now worth less than half of their initial economic estimates.

Other clean energy advocates reiterated their support for the New Jersey wind farm. In an email to PopSci, Moira Cyphers, Director of Eastern Region State Affairs for the American Clean Power Association, described the lawsuit as “meritless.”

“Offshore wind is one of the most rigorously regulated industries in the nation and is critical for meeting New Jersey’s clean energy and environmental goals,” Cyphers continued. “Shore towns can’t wait for years and years for these projects to be constructed. The time to move forward is now.”

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Airborne lead levels in the US have declined an impressive 99 percent since 1980 thanks to Environmental Protection Agency regulations, but leaded gas isn’t gone completely. While large jet aircraft do not use leaded fuel, according to the Federal Aviation Administration, over 220,000 smaller, piston-engine aircraft capable of carrying between two and 10 people still run on leaded aviation gasoline, or “avgas.” 

Today, the EPA took its first step towards attempting to finally phase out air transportation’s lingering lead holdouts with a new endangerment finding announcement highlighting the adverse effects of even minuscule levels of airborne lead. With the new findings, the EPA argues that leaded avgas endangers public health and welfare under the Clean Air Act—and because of this, the US could finally see its first-ever avgas lead limitations.

“The science is clear: Exposure to lead can cause irreversible and life-long health effects in children,” EPA Administrator Michael Regan via the agency’s October 18 announcement. “Aircraft that use leaded fuel are the dominant source of lead emissions in our air.”

[Related: The US can’t get away from lead’s toxic legacy.]

The federal level determination earned support from legislators including House Science, Space, and Technology Committee Ranking Member Zoe Lofgren (D-CA). “[The] EPA’s conclusion confirms what constituents in my district and Americans across the country know all too well—emissions from leaded aviation fuel contribute to dangerous lead air pollution,” Lofgren said via the announcement. She also cited the disproportionate exposure to leaded avgas in many poorer and minority communities near general aviation airports.

Lead’s neurotoxic effects have long been understood, especially its dangers to younger children, as it  negatively affects cognitive abilities and slows physical growth. In 2022, the Centers for Disease Control announced a redefinition of “lead poisoning,” lowering the threshold for toxic exposure from 5 micrograms per deciliter of a child’s blood down to just 3.5 mgs per deciliter. Even with the added stringency, however, the EPA reiterated in its October 18 announcement that there is no evidence of any threshold to fully reduce lead exposure’s harmful effects.

[Related: Leaded gas may have lowered the IQ of 170 million US adults.]

The new avgas endangerment finding does not carry any regulatory or legal weight itself. Instead, it opens the door to a future phaseout of avgas for small aircraft. Last year, the FAA and industry leaders announced their “Eliminate Aviation Gasoline Lead Emissions” (EAGLE) program aiming to “achieve a lead-free aviation system” by 2030. The FAA has already approved usage of a 100 octane unleaded fuel capable of being used by piston-engine aircraft, although the EPA notes it is not yet commercially available. A lower octane fuel is also available at an estimated 35 US airports, with plans to “expand and streamline the process for eligible aircraft to use this fuel.”

As The Washington Post notes, however, the EPA’s and FAA’s attempts to phase out avgas come as Congress considers a long-term reauthorization of the FAA that would all but require smaller airports to continue offering leaded avgas.

“While today’s announcement is a step forward, we cannot be complacent,” Lofgren added on Wednesday. “We must finish the job and protect our nation’s children from all sources of lead.”

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After years of hints and false starts, the Internal Revenue Service will be finally testing a free federal direct tax filing pilot program for select citizens in 13 participating states in 2024. The move marks a major moment in a years’ long path towards offering Americans a no-cost federal filing alternative to third-party services such as Intuit TurboTax and H&R Block—an $11 billion industry that has come under increased Federal Trade Commission scrutiny over allegedly predatory practices, deceptive advertising, and privacy concerns.

[Related: How to avoid tax season stress]

In an October 17 announcement, IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel called the pilot stage a “critical step forward” in testing the “feasibility of providing taxpayers a new option to file their returns for free directly with the IRS.” Warfel added that information and data gathered during the 2024 pilot program will help direct future iterations of the Direct File program, as well as help the IRS assess benefits, costs, and operational challenges.

Residents of Arizona, California, Massachusetts and New York are already confirmed to integrate Direct File into their systems for the 2024 tax season, which begins in December. Meanwhile, Alaska, Florida, New Hampshire, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington and Wyoming “may be eligible to participate” due to their lack of state income taxes. Atop the state-based restrictions, only certain filers will be eligible to participate based on specific types of income, as well as limited credits and adjustments.

[Related: Calling TurboTax ‘free’ is ‘deceptive advertising,’ says FTC]

In September, the FTC ruled Intuit must stop labeling its products as free unless a stringent set of conditions are “clearly and conspicuously” displayed to consumers. But even without proper labeling, security and privacy concerns have long surrounded the private tax filing industry. In 2022, a major investigation uncovered companies including H&R Block, TaxSlayer, and TaxAct all routinely shared customers’ sensitive financial information with third-party advertisers via the Meta Pixel.

The free code, made available via Facebook’s parent company, marks a tiny pixel on participating websites to subsequently track information regarding people’s digital activity. Roughly one-third of the 80,000 most popular websites online utilize Meta Pixel (PopSci included); the tracking cookie ecosystem provides the majority of many online companies’ revenue streams. Many of the companies profiled by the investigation have since ceased using Meta Pixel for such purposes.

But even using a federal e-file program potential requires supplying personal identification information. In 2022, the IRS announced a new policy requiring US citizens to submit a selfie via the popular, controversial third-party verification service, ID.me, to access their tax information. The IRS walked back the policy plan following an outpouring of public criticism. It is unclear if ID.me will be a mandatory component of the forthcoming Direct File program. The IRS did not respond to PopSci regarding the issue at the time of writing.

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Despite decades of innovation, solar powered cars remain comparatively expensive and difficult to mass produce—but that doesn’t mean they aren’t starting to pack a serious punch. At least one prototype reportedly handled an off-road sojourn across the world’s largest non-polar desert at speeds as fast as 90 mph.

Designed by a team of 21-to-25-year-old  college students at the Netherland’s Eindhoven University of Technology, their Stella Terra recently completed a 620 mile (1,000 km) test drive that began in Morocco before speeding through portions of Tangier and the Sahara. While miles ahead of what is currently available to consumers, the army green two-seater could be a preview of rides to come.

[Related: Sweden is testing a semi-truck trailer covered in 100 square meters of solar panels.]

As highlighted by The Guardian on Monday, the aerodynamic, comparatively lightweight (1,200 kg) Stella Terra can travel at least 440 miles on a clear, sunny day without recharging. This is thanks to the car’s solar converter designed in-house by the students, which turns 97 percent of its absorbed sunlight into an electrical charge. For cloudier situations, however, the vehicle also includes a lithium-ion battery capable of powering shorter excursions. For comparison, the most efficient panels available today only sustain roughly 45 percent efficiency, while the vast majority measure somewhere between 15 and 20 percent. According to The Guardian’s rundown, Stella Terra’s panels actually proved a third more efficient than designers expected.

In a September project update, Wisse Bos, Solar Team Eindhoven’s team manager, estimated Stella Terra’s designs are between 5 and 10 years ahead of anything available on the current market. But Bos also stressed their ride is meant to inspire similar experimentation and creativity within the automotive industry.

[Related: Swiss students just slashed the world record for EV acceleration.]

“With Stella Terra, we want to demonstrate that the transition to a sustainable future offers reasons for optimism and encourages individuals and companies to accelerate the energy transition,” Bos said at the time.

While the innovative, army green off-roadster is unlikely to hit American highways anytime soon, the students believe larger auto manufacturers’ could look to Stella Terra to help guide their own plans for more sustainable transportation options. Speaking with CNN on Monday, the team’s event manager, Thieme Bosman, hopes companies such as Ford and Chrysler will take notice of such a vehicle’s feasibility. “It’s up to the market now, who have the resources and the power to make this change and the switch to more sustainable vehicles,” Bosman said.

And if off-roading isn’t your thing, don’t worry: Solar Team Eindhoven’s previous teams have also designed luxury vehicles, self-driving cars, and even mobile tiny homes powered by the sun.

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Niobium can be found in steel, particle accelerators, MRI machines, and rockets, but sourcing it is largely limited to a handful of countries including Brazil and Canada. Earlier this month, however, Chinese news outlets announced the discovery of a never-before-seen type of ore deposit in Inner Mongolia containing potentially vast amounts of the superconductive rare earth element. According to Antonio Castro Neto, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the National University of Singapore speaking with the South China Morning Post, the new resource trove could even be so large that it would make China self-sufficient in its own niobium needs.

The ore found in Inner Mongolia—dubbed niobobaotite—also contains large quantities of barium, titanium, iron, and chlorine, according to a statement from China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) earlier this month.

Discovered in 1801, niobium is named after Tantalus’ daughter Niobe in Greek mythology due to its chemical relationship to tantalum. Almost 85-to-90 percent of all mined niobium in the world goes towards iron and steel processing production. Adding just 0.03-0.05 percent to steel, for example, can boost its strength by as much as 30 percent while adding virtually no extra weight. That prized performance enhancement is comparatively difficult to obtain, however. The element only occurs within the Earth’s crust at a proportion of roughly 20-parts-per-million.

[Related: New factory retrofit could reduce a steel plant’s carbon emissions by 90 percent.]

In addition to its many current uses, niobium is of particular interest to researchers hoping to further the development of niobium-graphene and niobium-lithium batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are currently the most widespread rechargeable power sources, but remain restricted in terms of charge times and lifespans, as well as safety concerns. Earlier this year, researchers working on improving niobium-graphene batteries estimated future iterations of the alternative could fully charge in less than 10 minutes alongside a 30 year lifespan—approximately 10 times longer than current lithium-ion options.

As promising as the discovery may be for China, labor concerns will almost undoubtedly be an issue for outside observers. The nation has a long and troubling history of exploitation within the mining industry. Rare earth mineral mining also generates a wide array of pollution issues.

Brazil is by far the world’s largest exporter of niobium, with Canada trailing far behind in second place. China currently needs to import about 95 percent of its niobium supplies, but the newfound deposits could dramatically shift their sourcing to almost complete independence. Meanwhile, the US is currently working towards opening the Elk Creek Critical Minerals Project in southern Nebraska, which when opened will be the country’s first niobium mining and processing facility.

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The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE is one of the most dramatic natural disasters in recorded history, yet so many of the actual records from that moment in time are inaccessible. Papyrus scrolls located in nearby Pompeii and Herculaneum, for example, were almost instantly scorched by the volcanic blast, then promptly buried under pumice and ash. In 1752, excavators uncovered around 800 such carbonized scrolls, but researchers have since largely been unable to read any of them due to their fragile conditions.

On October 12, however, organizers behind the Vesuvius Challenge—an ongoing machine learning project to decode the physically inaccessible library—offered a major announcement: an AI program uncovered the first word in one of the relics after analyzing and identifying its incredibly tiny residual ink elements. That word? Πορφύραc, or porphyras… or “purple,” for those who can’t speak Greek.

[Related: A fresco discovered in Pompeii looks like ancient pizza—but it’s likely focaccia.]

Identifying the word for an everyday color may not sound groundbreaking, but the uncovery of “purple” already has experts intrigued. Speaking to The Guardian on Thursday, University of Kentucky computer scientist and Vesuvius Challenge co-founder Brent Seales explained that the particular word isn’t terribly common to find in such documents.

“This word is our first dive into an unopened ancient book, evocative of royalty, wealth, and even mockery,” said Seales. “Pliny the Elder explores ‘purple’ in his ‘natural history’ as a production process for Tyrian purple from shellfish. The Gospel of Mark describes how Jesus was mocked as he was clothed in purple robes before crucifixion. What this particular scroll is discussing is still unknown, but I believe it will soon be revealed. An old, new story that starts for us with ‘purple’ is an incredible place to be.”

The visualization of porphyras is thanks in large part to a 21-year-old computer student named Luke Farritor, who subsequently won $40,000 as part of the Vesuvius Challenge after identifying an additional 10 letters on the same scroll. Meanwhile, Seales believes that the entire scroll should be recoverable, even though scans indicate certain areas may be missing words due to its nearly 2,000 year interment.

As The New York Times notes, the AI-assisted analysis could also soon be applied to the hundreds of remaining carbonized scrolls. Given that these scrolls appear to have been part of a larger library amassed by Philodemus, an Epicurean philosopher, it stands to reason that a wealth of new information may emerge alongside long-lost titles, such as the poems of Sappho.

“Recovering such a library would transform our knowledge of the ancient world in ways we can hardly imagine,” one papyrus expert told The New York Times. “The impact could be as great as the rediscovery of manuscripts during the Renaissance.”

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Sam Kreigman and his colleagues made headlines a few years back with their “xenobots”— synthetic robots designed by AI and built from biological tissue samples. While experts continue to debate how to best classify such a creation, Kriegman’s team at Northwestern University has been hard at work on a similarly mind-bending project meshing artificial intelligence, evolutionary design, and robotics.

[Related: Meet xenobots, tiny machines made out of living parts.]

As detailed in a new paper published earlier this month in the Proceedings of the National Journal of Science, researchers recently tasked an AI model with a seemingly straightforward prompt: Design a robot capable of walking across a flat surface. Although the program delivered original, working examples within literal seconds, the new robots “[look] nothing like any animal that has ever walked the earth,” Kriegman said in Northwestern’s October 3 writeup.

And judging from video footage of the purple multi-“legged” blob-bots, it’s hard to disagree:

After offering their prompt to the AI program, the researchers simply watched it analyze and iterate upon a total of nine designs. Within just 26 seconds, the artificial intelligence managed to fast forward past billions of years of natural evolutionary biology to determine legged movement as the most effective method of mobility. From there, Kriegman’s team imported the final schematics into a 3D printer, which then molded a jiggly, soap bar-sized block of silicon imbued with pneumatically actuated musculature and three “legs.” Repeatedly pumping air in and out of the musculature caused the robots’ limbs to expand and contract, causing movement. During testing, the robot could walk half its body length per second—roughly half as fast as the average human stride.

“It’s interesting because we didn’t tell the AI that a robot should have legs,” Kriegman said. “It rediscovered that legs are a good way to move around on land. Legged locomotion is, in fact, the most efficient form of terrestrial movement.”

[Related: Disney’s new bipedal robot could have waddled out of a cartoon.]

If all this weren’t impressive enough, the process—dubbed “instant evolution” by Kriegman and colleagues—all took place on a “lightweight personal computer,” not a massive, energy-intensive supercomputer requiring huge datasets. According to Kreigman, previous AI-generated evolutionary bot designs could take weeks of trial and error using high-powered computing systems. 

“If combined with automated fabrication and scaled up to more challenging tasks, this advance promises near-instantaneous design, manufacture, and deployment of unique and useful machines for medical, environmental, vehicular, and space-based tasks,” Kriegman and co-authors wrote in their abstract.

“When people look at this robot, they might see a useless gadget,” Kriegman said. “I see the birth of a brand-new organism.”

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One e-toy for every person on Earth—that’s the staggering amount of electric trains, drones, talking dolls, R/C cars, and other children’s gadgets tossed into landfills every year. Some of what most consumers consider to be e-waste—like electronics such as computers, smartphones, TVs, and speaker systems—are usual suspects. Others, like power tools, vapes, LED accessories, USB cables, anything involving rechargeable lithium batteries and countless other similar, “nontraditional” e-waste materials, are less obviously in need of special disposal. In all, people across the world throw out roughly 9 billion kilograms (19.8 billion pounds) of e-waste commonly not recognized as such by consumers.

This “invisible e-waste” is the focal point of the sixth annual International E-Waste Day on October 14, organized by Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Forum. In anticipation of the event, the organization recently commissioned the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) to delve into just how much unconventional e-waste is discarded every year—and global population numbers are just some of the ways to visualize the issue.

[Related: People will throw away about 5.3 billion phones this year.]

According to UNITAR’s findings, for example, the total weight of all e-cig vapes thrown away every year roughly equals 6 Eiffel Towers. Meanwhile, the total weight of all invisible e-waste tallies up to “almost half a million 40 [metric ton] trucks,” enough to create a bumper-to-bumper traffic jam stretching approximately 3,504 miles–the distance between Rome and Nairobi. From a purely economic standpoint, nearly $10 billion in essential raw materials is literally thrown into the garbage every year.

“People tend to recognise household electrical products as those they plug in and use regularly. But many people are confused about the waste category into which ancillary, peripheral, specialist, hobby, and leisure products fit and how to have them recycled,” Pascal Leroy, Director-General of the WEEE Forum, said in a statement ahead of International E-Waste Day. The WEEE Forum asks that instead of trashing the e-waste, consumers bring it to “the appropriate municipal collection facility” in their area.

Leroy’s organization states e-waste is the world’s fastest-growing waste stream, and to deal with it properly, many more people need to recognize these “invisible” examples.

“A significant amount of electronic waste is hidden in plain sight,” says WEEE Forum member, Magdalena Charytanowicz, via the announcement. “Sadly, invisible e-waste often falls under the recycling radar of those disposing of them because they are not seen as e-waste. We need to change that and raising awareness is a large part of the answer.”

Charytanowicz cites past informational campaigns that successfully raised awareness about the many issues surrounding plastic pollution, and points to the UN’s treaty on plastics due next year. “We hope the same will occur in the e-waste field,” she adds.

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Artificial intelligence programs’ impressive (albeit often problematic) abilities come at a cost—all that computing power requires, well, power. And as the world races to adopt sustainable energy practices, the rapid rise of AI integration into everyday lives could complicate matters. New expert analysis now offers estimates of just how energy hungry the AI industry could become in the near future, and the numbers are potentially concerning.

According to a commentary published October 10 in Joule, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Business and Economics PhD candidate Alex de Vries argues that global AI-related electricity consumption could top 134 TWh annually by 2027. That’s roughly comparable to the annual consumption of nations like Argentina, the Netherlands, and Sweden.

[Related: NASA wants to use AI to study unidentified aerial phenomenon.]

Although de Vries notes data center electricity usage between 2010-2018 (excluding resource-guzzling cryptocurrency mining) has only increased by roughly 6 percent, “[t]here is increasing apprehension that the computation resources necessary to develop and maintain AI models and applications could cause a surge in data centers’ contribution to global electricity consumption.” Given countless industries’ embrace of AI over the last year, it’s not hard to imagine such a hypothetical surge becoming reality. For example, if Google—already a major AI adopter—integrated technology akin to ChatGPT into its 9 billion-per-day Google searches, the company could annually burn through 29.2 TWh of power, or as much electricity as all of Ireland.

de Vries, who also founded the digital trend watchdog research company Digiconomist, believes such an extreme scenario is somewhat unlikely, mainly due to AI server costs alongside supply chain bottlenecks. But the AI industry’s energy needs will undoubtedly continue to grow as the technologies become more prevalent, and that alone necessitates a careful review of where and when to use such products.

This year, for example, NVIDIA is expected to deliver 100,000 AI servers to customers. Operating at full capacity, the servers’ combined power demand would measure between 650 and 1,020 MW, annually amounting to 5.7-8.9 TWh of electricity consumption. Compared to annual consumption rates of data centers, this is “almost negligible.” 

By 2027, however, NVIDIA could be (and currently is) on track to ship 1.5 million AI servers per year. Estimates using similar electricity consumption rates put their combined demand between 85-134 TWh annually. “At this stage, these servers could represent a significant contribution to worldwide data center electricity consumption,” writes de Vries.

As de Vries’ own site argues, AI is not a “miracle cure for everything,” still must deal with privacy concerns, discriminatory biases, and hallucinations. “Environmental sustainability now represents another addition to this list of concerns.”

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Adjusting to prosthetic limbs isn’t as simple as merely finding one that fits your particular body type and needs. Physical control and accuracy are major issues despite proper attachment, and sometimes patients’ bodies reject even the most high-end options available. Such was repeatedly the case for a Swedish patient after losing her right arm in a farming accident over two decades ago. For years, the woman suffered from severe pain and stress issues, likening the sensation to “constantly [having] my hand in a meat grinder.”

Phantom pain is an unfortunately common affliction for amputees, and is believed to originate from nervous system signal confusions between the spinal cord and brain. Although a body part is amputated, the peripheral nerve endings remain connected to the brain, and can thus misread that information as pain.

[Related: We’re surprisingly good at surviving amputations.]

With a new, major breakthrough in prosthetics, however, her severe phantom pains are dramatically alleviated thanks to an artificial arm built on titanium-fused bone tissue alongside rearranged nerves and muscles. As detailed in a new study published via Science Robotics, the remarkable advancements could provide a potential blueprint for many other amputees to adopt such technology in the coming years.

The patient’s procedure started in 2018 when she volunteered to test a new kind of bionic arm designed by a multidisciplinary team of engineers and surgeons led by Max Ortiz Catalan, head of neural prosthetics research at Australia’s Bionics Institute and founder of the Center for Bionics and Pain Research. Using osseointegration, a process infusing titanium into bone tissue to provide a strong mechanical connection, the team was able to attach their prototype to the remaining portion of her right limb.

Accomplishing even this step proved especially difficult because of the need to precisely align the volunteer’s radius and ulna. The team also needed to account for the small amount of space available to house the system’s components. Meanwhile, the limb’s nerves and muscles needed rearrangement to better direct the patient’s neurological motor control information into the prosthetic attachment.

“By combining osseointegration with reconstructive surgery, implanted electrodes, and AI, we can restore human function in an unprecedented way,” Rickard Brånemark, an MIT research affiliate and associate professor at Gothenburg University who oversaw the surgery, said via an update from the Bionics Institute. “The below elbow amputation level has particular challenges, and the level of functionality achieved marks an important milestone for the field of advanced extremity reconstructions as a whole.”

The patient said her breakthrough prosthetic can be comfortably worn all day, is highly integrated with her body, and has even relieved her chronic pain. According to Catalan, this reduction can be attributed to the team’s “integrated surgical and engineering approach” that allows [her] to use “somewhat the same neural resources” as she once did for her biological hand.

“I have better control over my prosthesis, but above all, my pain has decreased,” the patient explained. “Today, I need much less medication.” 

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The 2018 winner of PopSci’s annual Best of What’s New continues to impress. NASA’s Parker Solar Probe is still edging closer to the sun than any other spacecraft has ever achieved, and it’s setting new speed records in the process. According to a recent status update from the space agency, the Parker Solar Probe has broken its own record (again) for the fastest thing ever made by human hands—at an astounding clip of 394,736 mph.

The newest milestone comes thanks to a previous gravity-assist flyby from Venus, and occurred on September 27 at the midway point of the probe’s 17th “solar encounter” that lasted until October 3. As ScienceAlert also noted on October 9, the Parker Solar Probe’s speed would hypothetically allow an airplane to circumnavigate Earth about 15 times per hour, or skip between New York City and Los Angeles in barely 20 seconds. Not that any passengers could survive such a journey, but it remains impressive.

[Related: The fastest human-made object vaporizes space dust on contact.]

The latest pass-by also set its newest record for proximity, at just 4.51 million miles from the sun’s plasma “surface.” In order not to vaporize from temperatures as high as nearly 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit, the Parker Solar Probe is outfitted with a 4.5-inch-thick carbon-composite shield to protect its sensitive instruments. These tools are measuring and imaging the sun’s surface to further researchers’ understanding of solar winds’ origins and evolution, as well as helping to forecast environmental changes in space that could affect life back on Earth. Last month, for example, the probe raced through one of the most intense coronal mass ejections (CMEs) ever observed. In doing so, the craft helped prove a two-decade-old theory that CMEs interact with interplanetary dust, which will improve experts’ abilities in space weather forecasting.

Despite its punishing journey, NASA reports the Parker Solar Probe remains in good health with “all systems operating normally.” Despite its numerous records, the probe is far from finished with its mission; there are still seven more solar pass-bys scheduled through 2024. At that point (well within Mercury’s orbit), the Parker Solar Probe will finally succumb to the sun’s extreme effects and vaporize into the solar winds— “sort of a poetic ending,” as one mission researcher told PopSci in 2021.

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Officials from the US Coast Guard confirmed on Tuesday that a salvage mission successfully recovered the remaining debris from the OceanGate Titan submersible. The 22-foot-long vessel suffered an implosion en route to the Titanic almost four months ago. Five passengers died during the privately funded, $250,000-per-seat voyage intended to glimpse the historic tragedy’s remains, including OceanGate’s CEO and Titan pilot, Stockton Rush.

According to the Coast Guard’s October 10 press release, salvage efforts were underway via an agreement with the US Navy Supervisor of Salvage & Diving following initial recovery missions approximately 1,600-feet away from the Titanic wreckage. Searchers discovered and raised the remaining debris on October 4, then transferred them to an unnamed US port for further analysis and cataloging. The US Coast Guard also confirmed “additional presumed human remains” were “carefully recovered” from inside the debris, and have been sent for medical professional analysis.

[Related: OceanGate confirms missing Titan submersible passengers ‘have sadly been lost’.]

OceanGate’s surface vessel lost contact with the Titan submersible approximately 105 minutes into its nearly 2.5 mile descent to the Titanic on June 18. Frantic, internationally coordinated search and rescue efforts scoured over 10,000 square surface miles of the Atlantic Ocean as well as the North Atlantic ocean floor. On June 22, OceanGate and US Coast Guard representatives confirmed its teams located remains indicative of a “catastrophic implosion” not far from the voyage’s intended destination.

Submersible experts had warned of such “catastrophic” issues within Titan’s design for years, and repeatedly raised concerns about OceanGate’s disregard of standard certification processes. In a March 2018 open letter to the company obtained by The New York Times, over three dozen industry experts, oceanographers, and explorers “expressed unanimous concern” about the submersible’s “experimental” approach they believed “could result in negative outcomes (from minor to catastrophic) that would have serious consequences for everyone in the industry.”

“Your [safety standard] representation is, at minimum, misleading to the public and breaches an industry-wide professional code of conduct we all endeavor to uphold,” reads a portion of the 2018 letter.

Although salvage efforts have concluded, the Coast Guard’s Marine Board of Investigation (MBI) plans to continue conducting evidence analysis alongside witness interviews “ahead of a public hearing regarding this tragedy.” A date for the hearing has not yet been announced, although as The Washington Post notes, the Coast Guard could recommend new deep-sea submersible regulations, as well as criminal charges to pursue.

OceanGate announced it suspended “all commercial and expedition operations” on July 6.

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“Are you drinking enough water?”

The question is so ubiquitous that it’s become meme canon in recent years. But what may be an annoying reminder to one person is often a logistical challenge for people dealing with mobility issues like cerebral palsy (CP). After learning about the potential physical hurdles involved in staying hydrated, two undergraduate engineering students at Rice University set out to design a robotic tool to help disabled users easily access their drinks as needed. The result, appropriately dubbed “RoboCup,” is not only a simple, relatively easy-to-construct device—it’s one whose plans are already available to anyone online for free.

According to a recent university profile, Thomas Kutcher and Rafe Neathery began work on their invention after being approached by Gary Lynn, a local Houstonian living with CP who oversees a nonprofit dedicated to raising awareness for the condition. According to Kutcher, a bioengineering major, their RoboCup will hopefully remove the need for additional caregiver aid and thus “grant users greater freedom.”

[Related: How much water should you drink in a day?]

RoboCup was by no means perfect from the outset, and the undergraduates reportedly went through numerous iterations before settling on their current design. In order to optimize their tool to help as many people as possible, Kutcher and Rafe spoke to numerous caregiving and research professionals about how to best improve their schematics.

“They really liked our project and confirmed its potential, but they also pointed out that in order to reach as many people as possible, we needed to incorporate more options for building the device, such as different types of sensors, valves and mechanisms for mounting the device on different wheelchair types,” Kutcher said in their October 6 profile.

The biggest challenge, according to the duo, was balancing simplification alongside functionality and durability. In the end, the pair swapped out an early camelback version for a mounted cup-and-straw design, which reportedly is both aesthetically more pleasing to users, as well as less intrusive.

In a demonstration video, Lynn is shown activating a small sensor near his left hand, which automatically pivots an adjustable straw towards his mouth. He can then drink as much as he wants, then alert the sensor again to swivel the straw back to a neutral position.

Lynn, who tested the various versions of RoboCup, endorsed the RoboCup’s ability to offer disabled users more independence in their daily lives, and believes that “getting to do this little task by themselves will enhance the confidence of the person using the device.”

Initially intended to just be a single semester project, Kutcher and Neathery now intend to continue refining their RoboCup, including investigating ways it could be adapted to people dealing with other forms of mobility issues. In the meantime, the RoboCup is entered in World Cerebral Palsy Day’s “Remarkable Designa-thon,” which promotes new products and services meant to help those with CP. And, as it just so happens, voting is open to the public from October 6-13.

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Four-legged robots can pull off a lot of complex tasks, but there’s a reason you don’t often see them navigating “busy” environments like forests or vine-laden overgrowth. Despite all their abilities, most on-board AI systems remain pretty bad at responding to all those physical variables in real-time. It might feel like second nature to us, but it only takes the slightest misstep in such situations to send a quadrupedal robot tumbling.

After subjecting their own dog bot to a barrage of obstacle course runs, however, a team at Carnegie Mellon University’s College of Engineering is now offering a solid step forward, so to speak, for robots deployed in the wild. According to researchers, teaching a quadrupedal robot to reactively retract its legs while walking provides the best gait for both navigating and untangling out of obstacles in its way.

[Related: How researchers trained a budget robot dog to do tricks.]

“Real-world obstacles might be stiff like a rock or soft like a vine, and we want robots to have strategies that prevent tripping on either,” Justin Yim, a University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign engineering professor and project collaborator, said in CMU’s recent highlight.

The engineers compared multiple stride strategies on a quadrupedal robot while it tried to walk across a short distance interrupted by multiple, low-hanging ropes. The robot quickly entangled itself while high-stepping, or walking with its knees angled forward, but retracting its limbs immediately after detecting an obstacle allowed it to smoothly cross the stretch of floor.

“When you take robots outdoors, the entire problem of interacting with the environment becomes exponentially more difficult because you have to be more deliberate in everything that you do,” David Ologan, a mechanical engineering master’s student, told CMU. “Your system has to be robust enough to handle any unforeseen circumstances or obstructions that you might encounter. It’s interesting to tackle that problem that hasn’t necessarily been solved yet.”

[Related: This robot dog learned a new trick—balancing like a cat.]

Although wheeled robots may still prove more suited for urban environments, where the ground is generally flatter and infrastructures such as ramps are more common, walking bots could hypothetically prove much more useful in outdoor settings. Researchers believe integrating their reactive retraction response into existing AI navigation systems could help robots during outdoor search-and-rescue missions. The newly designed daintiness might also help quadrupedal robots conduct environmental surveying without damaging their surroundings.

“The potential for legged robots in outdoor, vegetation-based environments is interesting to see,” said Ologan. “If you live in a city, a wheeled platform is probably a better option… There is a trade-off between being able to do more complex actions and being efficient with your movements.”

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NASA’s Artemis III astronauts are apparently going to look incredibly fashionable walking the lunar surface. On October 4, the commercial aerospace company Axiom Space announced a new collaboration with luxury fashion house Prada to design spacesuits for the upcoming moon mission currently scheduled for 2025.

According to Wednesday’s reveal, Prada’s engineers will assist Axiom’s systems team in finalizing its Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AxEMU) spacesuit while “developing solutions for materials and design features to protect against the unique challenge of space and the lunar environment.” Axiom CEO Michael Suffredini cited Prada’s expertise in manufacturing techniques, innovative design, and raw materials will ensure “not only the comfort of astronauts on the lunar surface, but also the much-needed human factors considerations absent from legacy spacesuits.”

[Related: Meet the first 4 astronauts of the ‘Artemis Generation’.]

NASA first unveiled an early prototype of the AxEMU spacesuit back in March, and drew particular attention to the fit accommodating “at least 90 percent of the US male and female population.” Given the Artemis mission has long promised to land the first woman on the lunar surface, such considerations are vital for astronauts’ safety and comfort.

In Wednesday’s announcement, Lorenzo Bertelli, Prada’s Group Marketing Director, cited the company’s decades of technological design and engineering experience. Although most well known for luxury fashion, Prada is also behind the cutting-edge Luna Rossa racing yacht fleet.

“We are honored to be a part of this historic mission with Axiom Space,” they said. “It is a true celebration of the power of human creativity and innovation to advance civilization.”

Despite Prada’s association with high fashion, the final AxEMU design will undoubtedly emphasize safety and function over runway appeal. After all, astronauts will need protection against both solar radiation and the near-vacuum of the lunar surface, as well as ample oxygen resources and space for HD cameras meant to transmit live feeds back to Earth. According to the BBC earlier this year, each suit will also incorporate both 3D-printing and laser cutters to ensure precise measurements tailored to each astronaut.

Although NASA’s first images of the AxEMU in March showcased a largely black-and-gray color palette with blue and orange accents, Axiom Space’s newest teases hint at an off-white cover layer more reminiscent of the classic Apollo moon mission suits. It might not be much now, but you can expect more detailed looks at the spacesuits in the coming months as the Artemis Program continues its journey back to the moon.

The post Moon-bound Artemis III spacesuits have some functional luxury sewn in appeared first on Popular Science.

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